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      Issue framing in online voting advice applications: The effect of left-wing and right-wing headers on reported attitudes

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          Abstract

          Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) provide voting recommendations to millions of people. As these voting recommendations are based on users’ answers to attitude questions, the framing of these questions can have far-reaching consequences. The current study reports on a field experiment in which the framing of the header above VAA statements ( N = 17) was manipulated (condition 1: no header; condition 2: a right-wing header, e.g., finance; condition 3: a left-wing header, e.g., nature and environment). Visitors of a VAA developed for Utrecht, the fourth largest municipality in the Netherlands, were randomly guided to one of the versions of the tool in which the header type was varied. Results (based on N respondents = 27,404) show that providing a header (left-wing or right-wing) leads to more left-wing answers as compared a condition where there is no header above the attitude statement. This effect, however, is only observed for respondents with lower levels of political sophistication.

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          Response strategies for coping with the cognitive demands of attitude measures in surveys

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            Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance

            Framing is the process by which a communication source, such as a news organization, defines and constructs a political issue or public controversy. Two experiments examined the effect of news frames on tolerance for the Ku Klux Klan. The first presented research participants with one of two local news stories about a Klan rally that varied by frame: One framed the rally as a free speech issue, and the other framed it as a disruption of public order. Participants who viewed the free speech story expressed more tolerance for the Klan than participants who watched the public order story. Additional data indicate that frames affect tolerance by altering the perceived importance of public order values. The relative accessibility of free speech and public order concepts did not respond to framing. A second experiment used a simulated electronic news service to present different frames and replicated these findings.
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              On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                21 February 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 2
                : e0212555
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Communication and Information Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
                [2 ] Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [3 ] Department of Communication, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [4 ] Utrecht Institute of Linguistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
                Sogang University (South Korea), REPUBLIC OF KOREA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: One of the authors (AK) is the director of Kieskompas bv, a commercial Voting Advice Application builder, with which we cooperated in collecting the data for our research. This commercial affiliation does not alter our adherence to all PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-2417
                Article
                PONE-D-18-19743
                10.1371/journal.pone.0212555
                6383922
                30789949
                42f9a7fc-a5b2-468a-b5f6-283cd9ac3b8d
                © 2019 Kamoen et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 5 July 2018
                : 5 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003246, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek;
                Award ID: 321-89-003
                Award Recipient :
                Our research is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), nwo.nl. Grant 321-89-003 to Bregje Holleman (BH). The funder provided support in the form of salaries for authors NK and JvdP, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Social Sciences
                Economics
                Finance
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Education
                Educational Attainment
                Social Sciences
                Political Science
                Elections
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Cognitive Science
                Cognition
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
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                Cognitive Psychology
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                Psychology
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                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Nuclear Physics
                Nuclear Power
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
                Surveys
                Engineering and Technology
                Transportation
                Custom metadata
                Data will be made available via Dataverse, see https://dataverse.nl a repository for storing research data. As the data are related to elections and are owned by VAA developer Kieskompas, third parties must first get permission from the VAA developer to inspect the data. This is procedure is similar to the procedure we followed for our previous publication in PLOS ONE.

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