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      Co-Production of NDM-1 and OXA-232 by Klebsiella pneumoniae

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          To the Editor: New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) and OXA-48-group β-lactamase have been increasingly reported as carbapenemases responsible for carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae worldwide ( 1 ). However, in the United States, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)–type β-lactamase is the most common carbapenemase among Enterobacteriaceae, especially K. pneumoniae. Isolates producing NDM-1 were first reported in the United States in 2010 ( 2 ), followed by several case reports and most recently a hospital outbreak in Colorado ( 3 – 6 ). As for OXA-48-group β-lactamase, 2 cases of infection with OXA-48–producing K. pneumoniae were recently reported from Virginia ( 7 ). We report K. pneumoniae co-producing NDM-1 and OXA-232, a variant of OXA-48, and Escherichia coli producing NDM-1 that were isolated from the same patient. A 69-year-old woman was hospitalized in India for subarachnoid hemorrhage in January 2013. Her hospitalization was complicated by unsuccessful coil embolization and subsequent hydrocephalus. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted, and she was transferred to an acute care hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, for further management in February 2013. She underwent reinsertion of the shunt and was discharged to a long-term care facility (LTCF 1). She was readmitted to the same hospital because of fever in March 2013. A urine culture collected at the time of readmission grew carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing E. coli. Although production of KPC-type β-lactamase was initially suspected in K. pneumoniae, the unusually high level of resistance to amikacin (MIC >32 μg/mL) and gentamicin (MIC >8 μg/mL) increased concern for presence of an NDM-1 producer, which is frequently highly resistant to aminoglycosides because of production of 16S rRNA methyltransferase ( 8 ). A modified Hodge test showed a positive result for carbapenemase production, and a metallo-β-lactamase Etest (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) showed a positive result for metallo-β-lactamase production. PCR and sequencing identified NDM-1 and OXA-232, a 5-aa variant of OXA-48 recently reported in K. pneumoniae isolates from India ( 9 ). Presence of the gene for 16S rRNA methyltransferase (armA) was also confirmed by PCR and sequencing and accounted for the high-level aminoglycoside resistance. The isolate belonged to sequence type (ST) 14, as determined by multilocus sequence typing, and has been reported to be common among NDM-1–producing K. pneumoniae in Europe ( 10 ). The patient was discharged to LTCF 1 but was readmitted because of recurrent fever. A urine culture collected at this admission grew carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant E. coli. This E. coli isolate belonged to ST95 and was positive for the NDM-1 gene but negative for the OXA-48 group and armA genes. The original extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing E. coli isolate belonged to ST3865, which is distinct from ST95. Therefore, it is likely that the patient was already colonized by NDM-1–producing E. coli ST95 at the time of the first admission, but this colonization was not detected in a clinical culture at that time. All K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolates remained susceptible to fosfomycin and colistin. The patient did not receive any antimicrobial drug therapy specific for these isolates because she was deemed to be only colonized with them in the urine. Enhanced contact precautions were also implemented at the time of PCR confirmation of the NDM-1 gene. These precautions included all components of contact precautions (handwashing, gowns, gloves, disinfected/dedicated equipment), and dedicated personnel monitored compliance with these measures around the clock. The patient was eventually discharged to another long-term care facility (LTCF 2) in April 2013. A point surveillance testing for NDM-1–producing Enterobacteriaceae by using rectal swab specimens was conducted for all inpatients at the acute-care hospital and for all residents of the unit at LTCF 2. Testing did not identify any other patients colonized with NDM-1–producing Enterobacteriaceae. In transformation and conjugation experiments, transformants carrying the OXA-232 gene were obtained from K. pneumoniae, but those carrying the NDM-1 gene could not be obtained by either method, suggesting that the 2 genes were not located on the same plasmid. For E. coli, transformants and transconjugants carrying the NDM-1 gene were obtained, which indicated that this gene was located on a self-conjugative plasmid. Detection of NDM-1– or OXA-48-group–producing Enterobacteriaceae, in particular K. pneumoniae, poses a diagnostic challenge in regions to which KPC-producing K. pneumoniae is endemic. In our case, recognition of resistance to multiple aminoglycosides by an automated instrument, which was confirmed to be high level by the disk diffusion method (i.e., no inhibition zone), prompted early detection and implementation of appropriate infection prevention measures. Production of 16S rRNA methyltransferase by KPC-producing K. pneumoniae is extremely rare, and no cases have been identified in the United States. Therefore, we propose that high-level resistance to amikacin and gentamicin can serve as a clue for suspecting potential NDM-1–producing isolates in clinical diagnostic laboratories. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae producing OXA-48-group carbapenemase, including variants such as OXA-232, do not have characteristic susceptibility patterns and may easily not be recognized in areas with a high background prevalence of KPC-producing organisms. Therefore, organisms producing OXA-48 or their variants might have already spread in the United States.

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          Global Spread of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae

          Enterobacteriaceae are inhabitants of the intestinal flora and are among the most common human pathogens, causing infections such as cystitis and pyelonephritis with fever, septicemia, pneumonia, peritonitis, meningitis, and device-associated infections. Enterobacteriaceae are the source of community- and hospital-acquired infections. They have the propensity to spread easily between humans (hand carriage, contaminated food and water) and to acquire genetic material through horizontal gene transfer, mediated mostly by plasmids and transposons. Since 2000, spread of community-acquired enterobacterial isolates (Escherichia coli) that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) capable of hydrolyzing almost all cephalosporins except carbapenems has been reported worldwide ( 1 ). It is therefore mandatory to maintain the clinical efficacy of carbapenems (imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem, doripenem), which have become antimicrobial drugs of last resort. These agents are crucial for preventing and treating life-threatening nosocomial infections, which are often associated with techniques developed in modern medicine (transplantation, hospitalization in an intensive care unit, highly technical surgery). Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been reported worldwide as a consequence largely of acquisition of carbapenemase genes ( 2 ). The first carbapenemase producer in Enterobacteriaceae (NmcA) was identified in 1993 ( 3 ). Since then, a large variety of carbapenemases has been identified in Enterobacteriaceae belonging to 3 classes of β-lactamases: the Ambler class A, B, and D β-lactamases ( 2 ). In addition, rare chromosome-encoded cephalosporinases (Ambler class C) produced by Enterobacteriaceae may possess slight extended activity toward carbapenems, but their clinical role remains unknown ( 2 , 4 ). Class A Carbapenemases A variety of class A carbapenemases have been described; some are chromosome encoded (NmcA, Sme, IMI-1, SFC-1), and others are plasmid encoded (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases [KPC], IMI-2, GES, derivatives), but all effectively hydrolyze carbapenems and are partially inhibited by clavulanic acid ( 2 ). KPCs are the most clinically common enzymes in this group. The first KPC producer (KPC-2 in K. pneumoniae) was identified in 1996 in the eastern United States ( 5 ).Within a few years, KPC producers had spread globally and have been described across the contiguous United States (still mostly in eastern coast states) and, in particular, in Puerto Rico, Colombia, Greece, Israel, and the People’s Republic of China ( 6 , 7 ) (Figure 1). Outbreaks of KPC producers also have been reported in many European countries and in South America ( 6 , 7 ) (Figure 1). Figure 1 A) Worldwide geographic distribution of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producers. Gray shading indicates regions shown separately: B) distribution in the United States; C) distribution in Europe; D) distribution in China. KPC producers have been reported, mostly from nosocomial K. pneumoniae isolates and to a much lesser extent from E. coli (especially in Israel) and from other enterobacterial species ( 6 ). A single K. pneumoniae clone (sequence type [ST]-258) was identified extensively worldwide, indicating that it may have contributed to the spread of the bla KPC genes ( 8 ).Within a given geographic location, several KPC clones are disseminating that differ by multilocus sequence type; additional β-lactamase content; and by size, number, and structure of plasmids, but the bla KPC genes are associated with a single genetic element (transposon Tn4401) ( 8 ). Although community-acquired KPC producers have been reported, they are rare, with the exception of isolates from Israel a few years ago ( 6 ).The level of resistance to carbapenems of KPC producers may vary markedly; ertapenem is the carbapenem that has the lowest activity ( 5 – 7 ), (Table 1). KPC producers are usually multidrug resistant (especially to all β-lactams), and therapeutic options for treating KPC-related infections remain limited ( 6 ) (Figure 2, panel A). Death rates attributed to infections with KPC producers are high (>50%) ( 9 – 11 ). Table 1 MIC range of carbapenems for Enterobacteriaceae that produce several types of carbapenemases* Carbapenemase MIC, mg/L Imipenem Meropenem Ertapenem KPC 0.5–>64 1–>64 0.5–>64 Metallo β-lactamases† 0.5–>64 0.25–>64 0.5–>64 OXA-48 type 1–>64 0.5–>64 0.25–>64 *KPC, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase; OXA-48, oxacillinase-48.
†Including New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1. Figure 2 Disk diffusion antibacterial drug susceptibility testing of A) Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2)–, B) New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)–, and C) oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48)–producing K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Clinical isolates producing KPC-2 and OXA-48 do not co-produce other extended-spectrum β-lactamase, but the isolate producing NDM-1 co-produces the extended-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-15. Wild-type susceptibility to β-lactams of K. pneumoniae includes resistance to amoxicillin, ticarcillin, and reduced susceptibility to piperacillin and cefalotin (data not shown).TZP, piperacillin/tazobactam; PIP, piperacillin; TIC, ticarcillin; AMX, amoxicillin; ETP, ertapenem; TCC, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid; CAZ, ceftazidime; CF, cefalotin; FOX, cefoxitin; IMP, imipenem; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; CTX, cefotaxime; CXM, cefuroxime; MEM, meropenem; ATM, aztreonam; FEP, cefepime; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CS, colistin; NET, netilmicin; RA, rifampin; OFX, ofloxacin; TE, tetracycline; C, chloramphenicol; TM, tobramycin; NOR, norfloxacin; TGC, tigecycline; SXT, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim; AN, amikacin; FT, nitrofurantoin; FOS, fosfomycin; SSS, sulfamethoxazole; GM gentamicin. Class B Metallo-β-Lactamases Class B metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are mostly of the Verona integron–encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) and IMP types and, more recently, of the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) type ( 2 , 12 ).The first acquired MBL, IMP-1, was reported in Serratia marcescens in Japan in 1991 ( 13 ). Since then, MBLs have been described worldwide ( 2 , 12 ) (Figure 3). Endemicity of VIM- and IMP-type enzymes has been reported in Greece, Taiwan, and Japan ( 2 , 12 ), although outbreaks and single reports of VIM and IMP producers have been reported in many other countries (Figure 3). These enzymes hydrolyze all β-lactams except aztreonam ( 12 ).Their activity is inhibited by EDTA but not by clavulanic acid ( 12 ). Most MBL producers are hospital acquired and multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae ( 2 , 12 ). Resistance levels to carbapenems of MBL producers may vary (Table 1). Death rates associated with MBL producers range from 18% to 67% ( 14 ). Figure 3 Worldwide (A) and European (B) geographic distribution of Verona integron–encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) and IMP enterobacterial producers. Discovered in 2008 in Sweden from an Indian patient hospitalized previously in New Delhi ( 15 ), NDM-1–positive Enterobacteriaceae are now the focus of worldwide attention ( 15 – 17 ). Since mid-August 2010, NDM-1 producers have been identified on all continents except in Central and South America with, in most of the cases, a direct link with the Indian subcontinent ( 17 ) (Figure 4). Few cases have been reported from the United States and Canada ( 17 ). Recent findings suggest that the Balkan states and the Middle East may act as secondary reservoirs of NDM-1 producers ( 17 ) (Figure 4). Figure 4 Geographic distribution of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 producers, July 15, 2011. Star size indicates number of cases reported. Red stars indicate infections traced back to India, Pakistan, or Bangladesh, green stars indicate infections traced back to the Balkan states or the Middle East, and black stars indicate contaminations of unknown origin. (Most of the information corresponds to published data; other data are from P. Nordmann.) In contrast to several other carbapenemase genes, the bla NDM-1 gene is not associated with a single clone but rather with nonclonally related isolates and species ( 16 , 17 ). It has been identified mostly in E. coli and K. pneumoniae and to a lesser extent in other enterobacterial species ( 16 , 17 ). The level of resistance to carbapenems of NDM-1 producers may vary (Table 1). Plasmids carrying the bla NDM-1 gene are diverse and can harbor a high number of resistance genes associated with other carbapenemase genes (oxacillinase-48 [OXA-48] types, VIM types), plasmid-mediated cephalosporinase genes, ESBL genes, aminoglycoside resistance genes (16S RNA methylases), macrolide resistance genes (esterase), rifampin (rifampin-modifying enzymes) and sulfamethoxazole resistance genes as a source of multidrug resistance and pandrug resistance ( 16 , 17 ) (Figure 2, panel B). The association of such a high number of resistance genes in single isolates has been rarely observed, even among the other carbapenemase producers. Many NDM-1 producers remain susceptible only to tigecycline, colistin (Figure 2, panel B), and to a lesser extent fosfomycin ( 16 , 17 ). Compared with other carbapenemases, NDM-1 has several characteristics that are deeply disconcerting for public health worldwide. These characteristics are 1) occurrence of the bla NDM-1 gene not in a single species but in many unrelated species and its spread in the environment, at least in the Indian subcontinent ( 18 ); 2) frequent acquisition by K. pneumoniae, a typical nosocomial pathogen, but also by E. coli that is by far the main (community-acquired) human pathogen; and 3) size of the reservoir—the Indian subcontinent has >1.4 billion persons. In certain areas in Pakistan, 1 1 Imipenem 8 4 Meropenem 8 4 *EUCAST, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (www.eucast.org/clinical_breakpoints); CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; S, sensitive; R, resistant. However, low-level resistance and even susceptibility to carbapenems have been observed for producers of any type of carbapenemases (Table 1). We believe, as do others ( 30 ), that the search for carbapenemase producers should be made for any enterobacterial isolates with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems. Our opinion is based on the paucity of clinical experience for treating infections caused by carbapenemase producers, on the unknown level of carbapenemase production in the site of the infection in vivo, and on the possibility of selecting in vivo for strains with increased levels of resistance to carbapenems and additional mechanisms of carbapenem resistance (carbapenemase, outer-membrane permeability defects). Specific tests may help identify phenotypically a carbapenemase activity. The modified Hodge test based on in vivo production of carbapenemase has been suggested for detecting carbapenemase producers ( 29 , 31 , 32 ). However, this test is time consuming and may lack specificity (high-level AmpC producers) and sensitivity (weak detection of NDM producers) ( 27 , 29 ). This test may be useful for detecting KPC and OXA-48 producers (P. Nordmann, unpub. data). Boronic acid–based inhibition testing is reported to be specific for KPC detection in K. pneumoniae when performed with imipenem or meropenem but not with ertapenem if corresponding isolates co-produce a plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase ( 29 , 30 ). The Etest MBL strip (bioMérieux, Solna, Sweden) is one of the methods advocated for detecting MBL producers on the basis of inhibition of MBL activity by EDTA ( 12 ). The Etest MBL, using imipenem and imipenem/EDTA, is efficient for detection of MBL producers with high resistance ( 12 ), but may be deficient for detecting MBL producers with low resistance to imipenem. No inhibition test is available for detection of OXA-48/OXA-181 producers. Spectrophotometric assay is needed for detecting carbapenemase activity. However, this assay is time consuming, requires specific training, and does not easily discriminate between different types of carbapenemases. The standard for identification of carbapenemases is based on use of molecular techniques, mostly PCR ( 29 , 33 ). A list of primers of the most prevalent carbapenemase genes identified in Enterobacteriaceae is shown in Table 3 ( 34 ). Standard conditions may be used for PCR-based detection ( 34 ). PCR performed on colonies may give results within 4–6 hours with excellent sensibility and specificity. Similarly, other molecular techniques, such as the Check-Points DNA technology, are useful for this purpose ( 35 ). Sequencing of PCR products may be of interest mostly for epidemiologic purposes. The main disadvantages of molecular-based technologies for detection of carbapenemases are their cost, the requirement of trained personal, and the absence of detection of any novel carbapenemase gene. Thus, there is an urgent need for an inexpensive, rapid, sensitive, and specific test for detection of carbapenemase activity. Table 3 Oligonucleotides used for screening of main carbapenemase genes in Enterobacteriaceae* Primer Sequence, 5′ → 3′ Gene Product size, bp IMP-F GGAATAGAGTGGCTTAAYTC bla IMP 232 IMP-R TCGGTTTAAYAAAACAACCACC VIM-F GATGGTGTTTGGTCGCATA bla VIM 390 VIM-R CGAATGCGCAGCACCAG OXA-48-F GCGTGGTTAAGGATGAACAC bla OXA-48 438 OXA-48-R CATCAAGTTCAACCCAACCG NDM-F GGTTTGGCGATCTGGTTTTC bla NDM 621 NDM-R CGGAATGGCTCATCACGATC KPC-Fm CGTCTAGTTCTGCTGTCTTG bla KPC 798 KPC-Rm CTTGTCATCCTTGTTAGGCG *A detailed technique for PCR amplification has been reported by Poirel et al. ( 34 ). VIM, Verona integron–encoded metallo-β-lactamase; OXA, oxacillinase; NDM, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1; KPC, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase. The prevention of spread of carbapenemase producers relies on early detection of carriers ( 29 , 33 ). Patients who undergo screening should include patients who were hospitalized while abroad and then transferred to another country, and patients at risk (e.g., patients in intensive care units, transplant patients, immunocompromised patients). Screened patients should be kept in strict isolation before obtaining results of the screening (at least 24–48 hours). Because the reservoir of carbapenemase producers remains the intestinal flora, fecal and rectal swab specimens are adequate for performing this screening. Those specimens may be plated directly on screening media. There is no universal screening medium able to detect all types of carbapenemase producers with high sensitivity and high specificity, however. Agar plates containing imipenem at a concentration of 1 mg/L have been proposed for screening only KPC producers ( 36 ). We have demonstrated that a culture medium designed to screen for ESBL producers (ChromID ESBL; bioMérieux, La-Balme-Les-Grotte, France) may be used also for screening carbapenemase producers. Although this medium may lack specificity (co-detection of ESBL producers), its sensitivity is higher than a culture medium designed to screen for carbapenemase producers (CHROMagar KPC; CHROMagar, Paris, France) ( 33 , 37 ). The main problem remains detection of OXA-48 producers that are susceptible to cephalosporins and have low-level resistance to carbapenems when not co-producing an ESBL (Figure 2, panel C) ( 37 ). None of these culture media detect those OXA-48 producers ( 37 ). After this screening procedure, carbapenemase producers may be identified according to the techniques described above (antibacterial drug susceptibility testing, molecular techniques). Recently, PCR-based techniques performed directly on fecal specimens have been proposed for detection of KPC and NDM-1 producers. Conclusions Carbapenemase producers in Enterobacteriaceae are not the source of specific types of clinical infections. The role of these bacteria is related to the difficult-to-treat infections rather than to expression of specific virulence traits. We believe we are now at the edge of 2 concomitant epidemics of carbapenemase producers worldwide. The first epidemic will be caused mainly by carbapenemase producers in E. coli as a source of community-acquired infections. These carbapenemases are thus far primarily of the NDM and of the OXA-48 types. A few published reports of community-acquired infections caused by carbapenemase producers are available, but it is more likely that the numbers of cases in disease-endemic areas are already high. The example of the spread of ESBL producers in the community within the past 10 years shows us that a high rate of carbapenemase producers in E. coli may be reached rapidly worldwide. As opposed to a viral epidemic, such as pandemic (H1N1) 2009, the epidemic of carbapenemase producers cannot stop spontaneously. Such community-based outbreaks will be difficult to control. Modulation of the factors that enhance spread of carbapenemase producers in the community is difficult because these factors are multiple and are associated with lack of hygiene, overuse and over-the-counter use of antibacterial drugs, and increased worldwide travel. In addition, many carbapenemase producers carry unrelated drug-resistance determinants. Therefore, selection pressure with structurally unrelated antibacterial drugs (not only β-lactams) may contribute to their spread. We cannot predict either the speed of diffusion of those carbapenemase producers in the community or their prevalence at a steady state (5%–50%?). The actual prevalence of carbapenemase producers is still unknown because many countries that are likely to be their main reservoirs have not established any search protocol for their detection. The prevalence may substantially differ, depending on the country, as known with the current prevalence rate of ESBL producers in E. coli. The prevalence is estimated to be 3%–5% in France and >80% in India ( 38 ). The second epidemic will likely be caused mainly by nosocomial carbapenemase producers in K. pneumoniae of all types (KPC, IMP, VIM, NDM, and OXA-48). It is likely that in certain countries high rates of different types of carbapenemase producers may already exist, for example, in Greece (VIM and KPC) and in the Indian subcontinent (NDM, KPC, OXA-181). K. pneumoniae will play a major role because it has been repeatedly identified to be the most common enterobacterial species for spreading ESBL genes in health care facilities during the past 30 years. It may play the same role for spreading carbapenemase producers in patients with identical risk factors (patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotherapy, patients in intensive care units, immunocompromised patients, transplant patients, surgical patients). Early identification of carbapenemase producers in clinical infections, at the carriage state, or both, is therefore mandatory to prevent development of those hospital-based outbreaks. We believe we still can efficiently prevent emergence of hospital-based outbreaks of carbapenemase producers. A similar strategy has been implemented in northern European countries for containment of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which has been useful. The dearth of novel antibacterial drugs in the pipeline means that we must conserve the efficacy of existing antibacterial drugs as much as possible. Carbapenemase producers in Enterobacteriaceae are different from other multidrug-resistant bacteria in that they are susceptible to few (if any) antibacterial drugs ( 39 ). No vaccines are readily available for preventing infections with carbapenemase producers. This finding is particularly true for E. coli, which is part of the human intestinal flora. Therefore, everything must be done to prevent infections as common as pyelonephritis from becoming life threatening because of the lack of any effective treatment.
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            Diverse sequence types of Klebsiella pneumoniae contribute to the dissemination of blaNDM-1 in India, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

            Clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing NDM-1 carbapenemase from India (n = 22), the United Kingdom (n = 13), and Sweden (n = 4) were subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST), automated repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR), serotyping, virulence gene screening, and plasmid replicon typing. The most frequently detected MLST sequence types (STs) were ST14 (n = 13; all serotype K2), ST11, ST149, ST231, and ST147. The correlation between MLST and automated rep-PCR was excellent. IncA/C was the most frequently detected plasmid replicon type (n = 14). ST14, ST11, and other successful clones may be important for the dissemination of bla(NDM-1).
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              Detection of Enterobacteriaceae isolates carrying metallo-beta-lactamase - United States, 2010.

              (2010)
              During January-June 2010, three Enterobacteriaceae isolates carrying a newly described resistance mechanism, the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1), were identified from three U.S. states at the CDC antimicrobial susceptibility laboratory. This is the first report of NDM-1 in the United States, and the first report of metallo-beta-lactamase carriage among Enterobacteriaceae in the United States. These isolates, which include an Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae, carry blaNDM-1, which confers resistance to all beta-lactam agents except aztreonam (a monobactam antimicrobial); all three isolates were aztreonam resistant, presumably by a different mechanism. In the United Kingdom, where these organisms are increasingly common, carriage of Enterobacteriaceae containing blaNDM-1 has been closely linked to receipt of medical care in India and Pakistan. All three U.S. isolates were from patients who received recent medical care in India.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Emerg Infect Dis
                Emerging Infect. Dis
                EID
                Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                1080-6040
                1080-6059
                January 2014
                : 20
                : 1
                : 163-165
                Affiliations
                [1]University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA (Y. Doi, J.A. O’Hara, A.M. Querry, B.M. Townsend, A.W. Pasculle, C.A. Muto);
                [2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, assigned to Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh (J.F. Lando)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Yohei Doi, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Scaife Hall S829, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; email: yod4@ 123456pitt.edu
                Article
                13-0904
                10.3201/eid2001.130904
                3884727
                24377764
                430060c1-acd0-4b61-9b82-dc5963fff87a
                History
                Categories
                Letters to the Editor
                Letter

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                metallo-β-lactamase,klebsiella pneumoniae,escherichia coli,oxa-232,pittsburgh,carbapenemase,bacteria,new delhi metallo-β-lactamase,ndm-1,pennsylvania,united states,india

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