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      The relationship between performance in a theory of mind task and intrinsic functional connectivity in youth with early onset psychosis

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          Highlights

          • Youth with early-onset psychosis displayed deficits in theory of mind performance.

          • They also showed reduced intrinsic connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex.

          • Differences in theory of mind were partially mediated by prefrontal connectivity.

          • Both measures failed to show the age-positive associations observed in controls.

          • Onset of psychosis in adolescence may impact development of social cognition.

          Abstract

          Psychotic disorders are characterized by theory of mind (ToM) impairment. Although ToM undergoes maturational changes throughout adolescence, there is a lack of studies examining ToM performance and its brain functional correlates in individuals with an early onset of psychosis (EOP; onset prior to age 18), and its relationship with age. Twenty-seven individuals with EOP were compared with 41 healthy volunteers using the “Reading-the-Mind-in-the-Eyes” Test, as a measure of ToM performance. A resting-state functional MRI scan was also acquired, in which the default mode network was used to identify areas relevant to ToM processing employing independent component analysis. Group effects revealed worse ToM performance and less intrinsic functional connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex in EOP relative to healthy volunteers. Group by age interaction revealed age-positive associations in ToM task performance and in intrinsic connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex in healthy volunteers, which were not present in EOP. Differences in ToM performance were partially mediated by intrinsic functional connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Poorer ToM performance in EOP, coupled with less medial prefrontal cortex connectivity, could be associated with the impact of psychosis during a critical period of development of the social brain, limiting normative age-related maturation.

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          Most cited references59

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          The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.

          The variable results of positive-negative research with schizophrenics underscore the importance of well-characterized, standardized measurement techniques. We report on the development and initial standardization of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for typological and dimensional assessment. Based on two established psychiatric rating systems, the 30-item PANSS was conceived as an operationalized, drug-sensitive instrument that provides balanced representation of positive and negative symptoms and gauges their relationship to one another and to global psychopathology. It thus constitutes four scales measuring positive and negative syndromes, their differential, and general severity of illness. Study of 101 schizophrenics found the four scales to be normally distributed and supported their reliability and stability. Positive and negative scores were inversely correlated once their common association with general psychopathology was extracted, suggesting that they represent mutually exclusive constructs. Review of five studies involving the PANSS provided evidence of its criterion-related validity with antecedent, genealogical, and concurrent measures, its predictive validity, its drug sensitivity, and its utility for both typological and dimensional assessment.
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            Decoding wakefulness levels from typical fMRI resting-state data reveals reliable drifts between wakefulness and sleep.

            The mining of huge databases of resting-state brain activity recordings represents state of the art in the assessment of endogenous neuronal activity-and may be a promising tool in the search for functional biomarkers. However, the resting state is an uncontrolled condition and its heterogeneity is neither sufficiently understood nor accounted for. We test the hypothesis that subjects exhibit unstable wakefulness, i.e., drift into sleep during typical resting-state experiments. Analyzing 1,147 resting-state functional magnetic resonance data sets, we revealed a reliable loss of wakefulness in a third of subjects within 3 min and demonstrated the dynamic nature of the resting state, with fundamental changes in the associated functional neuroanatomy. Implications include the necessity of wakefulness monitoring and modeling, taking measures to maintain a state of wakefulness, acknowledging the possibility of sleep and exploring its consequences, and especially the critical assessment of possible false-positive or false-negative results. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Evaluation of ICA-AROMA and alternative strategies for motion artifact removal in resting state fMRI.

              We proposed ICA-AROMA as a strategy for the removal of motion-related artifacts from fMRI data (Pruim et al., 2015). ICA-AROMA automatically identifies and subsequently removes data-driven derived components that represent motion-related artifacts. Here we present an extensive evaluation of ICA-AROMA by comparing our strategy to a range of alternative strategies for motion-related artifact removal: (i) no secondary motion correction, (ii) extensive nuisance regression utilizing 6 or (iii) 24 realignment parameters, (iv) spike regression (Satterthwaite et al., 2013a), (v) motion scrubbing (Power et al., 2012), (vi) aCompCor (Behzadi et al., 2007; Muschelli et al., 2014), (vii) SOCK (Bhaganagarapu et al., 2013), and (viii) ICA-FIX (Griffanti et al., 2014; Salimi-Khorshidi et al., 2014), without re-training the classifier. Using three different functional connectivity analysis approaches and four different multi-subject resting-state fMRI datasets, we assessed all strategies regarding their potential to remove motion artifacts, ability to preserve signal of interest, and induced loss in temporal degrees of freedom (tDoF). Results demonstrated that ICA-AROMA, spike regression, scrubbing, and ICA-FIX similarly minimized the impact of motion on functional connectivity metrics. However, both ICA-AROMA and ICA-FIX resulted in significantly improved resting-state network reproducibility and decreased loss in tDoF compared to spike regression and scrubbing. In comparison to ICA-FIX, ICA-AROMA yielded improved preservation of signal of interest across all datasets. These results demonstrate that ICA-AROMA is an effective strategy for removing motion-related artifacts from rfMRI data. Our robust and generalizable strategy avoids the need for censoring fMRI data and reduces motion-induced signal variations in fMRI data, while preserving signal of interest and increasing the reproducibility of functional connectivity metrics. In addition, ICA-AROMA preserves the temporal non-artifactual time-series characteristics and limits the loss in tDoF, thereby increasing statistical power at both the subject- and the between-subject analysis level.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dev Cogn Neurosci
                Dev Cogn Neurosci
                Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
                Elsevier
                1878-9293
                1878-9307
                05 November 2019
                December 2019
                05 November 2019
                : 40
                : 100726
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
                [b ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017SGR881, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                [c ]Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                [d ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
                [e ]Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, c/Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. gernest@ 123456clinic.cat
                Article
                S1878-9293(19)30313-5 100726
                10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100726
                6974903
                31791005
                4303166c-fde3-4832-9f21-fdba1a205a35
                © 2019 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 June 2019
                : 6 September 2019
                : 3 November 2019
                Categories
                Original Research

                Neurosciences
                dmn, default mode network,eoaff, early onset affective disorders,eop, early onset psychosis,eosz, early onset schizophrenia,fmri, functional magnetic resonance imaging,giq, global intelligence quotient,tom, theory of mind,adolescent,early onset psychosis,theory of mind,functional neuroimaging,resting-state

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