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      Neurobiological mechanisms underlying internet gaming disorder
 Translated title: Los mecanismos neurobiológicos del trastorno de juego por internet Translated title: Mécanismes neurobiologiques liés au trouble du jeu vidéo

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          Abstract

          This review summarizes studies on the neurobiological correlates of internet gaming disorder (IGD), presently the most direct approach to analyzing the impact of digital technology and the internet on brain mechanisms. Brain imaging studies have shown that IGD shares, to a large extent, neurobiological alterations that are typical for other addictions, such as: (i) activation in brain regions associated with reward, as evident from cue exposure and craving studies and neurotransmitter systems studies that indicate an involvement of dopamine-mediated reward mechanisms; (ii) reduced activity in impulse control areas and impaired decision making; and (iii) reduced functional connectivity in brain networks that are involved in cognitive control, executive function, motivation, and reward. Moreover, there are structural changes, mainly reduction in gray-matter volume and white-matter density. Comorbidity studies indicate that executive control networks in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may increase the susceptibility to develop IGD. Most importantly, this review also outlines findings that show the effects of excessive use of screens, here referring to the playing of computer games, which activate many brain regions associated with cognitive, motor, and sensory function and not directly involved in other forms of addiction. This review describes and summarizes comprehensively the neurobiological correlates of addictive internet use in adolescents and young adults.


          Translated abstract

          Esta revisión resume los estudios sobre los correlatos neurobiológicos del trastorno de juego por internet (TJI), actualmente la aproximación más directa para analizar el impacto de la tecnología digital e Internet sobre los mecanismos cerebrales. Los estudios de imágenes cerebrales han demostrado que TJI comparte, en gran medida, las alteraciones neurobiológicas que son típicas de otras adicciones, tales como: (1) activación en regiones cerebrales asociadas con la recompensa, como lo demuestran los estudios de exposición a estímulos y de craving, así como los estudios de sistemas de neurotransmisores que dan cuenta de una participación de los mecanismos de recompensa mediados por la dopamina, (2) reducción de la actividad en áreas de control de impulsos y deterioro en la toma de decisiones y (3) reducción de la conectividad funcional en redes cerebrales que están involucradas en el control cognitivo, la función ejecutiva, la motivación y la recompensa. Además, hay cambios estructurales, principalmente reducción en el volumen de la materia gris y la densidad de la materia blanca. Los estudios de comorbilidad indican que las redes de control ejecutivo en el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) pueden aumentar la susceptibilidad a desarrollar TJI. Esta revisión, de manera importante, también describe los hallazgos que muestran los efectos del uso excesivo de pantallas (en referencia a los juegos de computador) que activan muchas regiones cerebrales asociadas con la función cognitiva, motora y sensorial y que no están directamente involucradas en otras formas de adicción. Esta revisión describe y resume exhaustivamente los correlatos neurobiológicos del uso adictivo de Internet en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes.

          Translated abstract

          Analyser le trouble du jeu vidéo sur un plan neurobiologique représente actuellement la voie la plus directe pour examiner l’impact des technologies numériques et d’internet sur les mécanismes cérébraux. Nous présentons ici un résumé de ces études. Comme l’a montré l'imagerie cérébrale, des modifications neurobiologiques spécifiques du trouble du jeu vidéo sont retrouvées dans d'autres addictions : 1) une activation des régions cérébrales associées à la récompense, comme le montrent les études sur l'exposition aux stimuli et le craving (envie irrépressible) ainsi que les études sur les systèmes de neurotransmetteurs montrant une implication des circuits de récompense dopaminergiques ; 2) une activité diminuée dans les zones de contrôle des impulsions et une prise de décision altérée et 3) une connectivité fonctionnelle diminuée dans les réseaux cérébraux participant au contrôle cognitif, les fonctions exécutives, la motivation et la récompense. Des changements structurels sont également observés, principalement une diminution du volume de la substance grise et de la densité de la substance blanche. D’après des études de comorbidité, les réseaux de contrôle exécutif dans le trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH) peuvent augmenter le risque de développer une addiction aux jeux vidéo. De façon plus importante encore, cette étude présente des résultats montrant les effets d'une utilisation excessive des écrans, tel le jeu sur ordinateur, qui active de nombreuses régions du cerveau associées aux fonctions cognitives, motrices et sensorielles et qui ne sont pas directement impliquées dans d'autres formes de dépendance. Cette étude décrit et résume de façon exhaustive les mécanismes neurobiologiques de l’addiction à Internet chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes.

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          New developments in brain research of internet and gaming disorder.

          There is evidence that the neural mechanisms underlying Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) resemble those of drug addiction. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies of the resting state and measures of gray matter volume have shown that Internet game playing was associated with changes to brain regions responsible for attention and control, impulse control, motor function, emotional regulation, sensory-motor coordination. Furthermore, Internet game playing was associated with lower white matter density in brain regions that are involved in decision-making, behavioral inhibition and emotional regulation. Videogame playing involved changes in reward inhibitory mechanisms and loss of control. Structural brain imaging studies showed alterations in the volume of the ventral striatum that is an important part of the brain's reward mechanisms. Finally, videogame playing was associated with dopamine release similar in magnitude to those of drugs of abuse and lower dopamine transporter and dopamine receptor D2 occupancy indicating sub-sensitivity of dopamine reward mechanisms.
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            Trait impulsivity and impaired prefrontal impulse inhibition function in adolescents with internet gaming addiction revealed by a Go/No-Go fMRI study

            Background Recent studies suggest that Internet gaming addiction (IGA) is an impulse disorder, or is at least related to impulse control disorders. In the present study, we hypothesized that different facets of trait impulsivity may be specifically linked to the brain regions with impaired impulse inhibition function in IGA adolescents. Methods Seventeen adolescents with IGA and seventeen healthy controls were scanned during performance of a response-inhibition Go/No-Go task using a 3.0 T MRI scanner. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS)-11 was used to assess impulsivity. Results There were no differences in the behavioral performance on the Go/No-Go task between the groups. However, the IGA group was significantly hyperactive during No-Go trials in the left superior medial frontal gyrus, right anterior cingulate cortex, right superior/middle frontal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, left precentral gyrus, and left precuneus and cuneus. Further, the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, and right superior parietal lobule were significantly hypoactive during No-Go trials. Activation of the left superior medial frontal gyrus was positively associated with BIS-11 and Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) total score across IGA participants. Conclusions Our data suggest that the prefrontal cortex may be involved in the circuit modulating impulsivity, while its impaired function may relate to high impulsivity in adolescents with IGA, which may contribute directly to the Internet addiction process.
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              Enhanced reward sensitivity and decreased loss sensitivity in Internet addicts: an fMRI study during a guessing task.

              As the world's fastest growing "addiction", Internet addiction should be studied to unravel the potential heterogeneity. The present study is set to examine reward and punishment processing in Internet addicts as compared to healthy controls while they subjectively experience monetary gain and loss during the performance of a guessing task. The results showed that Internet addicts associated with increased activation in orbitofrontal cortex in gain trials and decreased anterior cingulate activation in loss trials than normal controls. The results suggested that Internet addicts have enhanced reward sensitivity and decreased loss sensitivity than normal comparisons. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2020
                June 2020
                : 22
                : 2
                : 113-126
                Affiliations
                Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
                Department of Psychiatry and Addictive Medicine, Maison Blanche Hospital and Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
                Author notes
                Aviv Weinstein, Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel [* ] avivweariel.ac.il avivweinstein@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/aweinstein
                7366941
                32699511
                4336475c-1e5f-49d2-8a52-a69ad8765fa5
                © 2020, AICHServier GroupCopyright © 2020 AICH Servier Group. All rights reserved

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Neurosciences
                brain imaging,control inhibition,cue reactivity,decision making,fmri,internet gaming disorder,reward

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