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      The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, Amblyopsis) from the caves of southern Indiana

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          We describe a new species of amblyopsid cavefish (Percopsiformes: Amblyopsidae) in the genus Amblyopsis from subterranean habitats of southern Indiana, USA. The Hoosier Cavefish, Amblyopsis hoosieri sp. n., is distinguished from A. spelaea, its only congener, based on genetic, geographic, and morphological evidence. Several morphological features distinguish the new species, including a much plumper, Bibendum-like wrinkled body with rounded fins, and the absence of a premature stop codon in the gene rhodopsin. This is the first new cavefish species described from the United States in 40 years and exemplifies how molecular data can alert us to the presence of otherwise cryptic biodiversity.

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          Delimiting species using multilocus data: diagnosing cryptic diversity in the southern cavefish, Typhlichthys subterraneus (Teleostei: Amblyopsidae).

          Thomas J. Near, Matthew Niemiller, B Fitzpatrick (2012)
          A major challenge facing biodiversity conservation and management is that a significant portion of species diversity remains undiscovered or undescribed. This is particularly evident in subterranean animals in which species delimitation based on morphology is difficult because differentiation is often obscured by phenotypic convergence. Multilocus genetic data constitute a valuable source of information for species delimitation in such organisms, but until recently, few methods were available to objectively test species delimitation hypotheses using genetic data. Here, we use recently developed methods for discovering and testing species boundaries and relationships using a multilocus dataset in a widely distributed subterranean teleost fish, Typhlichthys subterraneus, endemic to Eastern North America. We provide evidence that species diversity in T. subterraneus is currently underestimated and that the picture of a single, widely distributed species is not supported. Rather, several morphologically cryptic lineages comprise the diversity in this clade, including support for the recognition of T. eigenmanni. The high number of cryptic species in Typhlichthys highlights the utility of multilocus genetic data in delimiting species, particularly in lineages that exhibit slight morphological disparity, such as subterranean organisms. However, results depend on sampling of individuals and loci; this issue needs further study. © 2011 The Author(s). Evolution© 2011 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
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            Cave Adaptation in Amblyopsid Fishes

            Thomas Poulson (1963)
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              Evidence for repeated loss of selective constraint in rhodopsin of amblyopsid cavefishes (Teleostei: Amblyopsidae).

              Premal Shah, Matthew Niemiller, Thomas J. Near … (2013)
              The genetic mechanisms underlying regressive evolution-the degeneration or loss of a derived trait--are largely unknown, particularly for complex structures such as eyes in cave organisms. In several eyeless animals, the visual photoreceptor rhodopsin appears to have retained functional amino acid sequences. Hypotheses to explain apparent maintenance of function include weak selection for retention of light-sensing abilities and its pleiotropic roles in circadian rhythms and thermotaxis. In contrast, we show that there has been repeated loss of functional constraint of rhodopsin in amblyopsid cavefishes, as at least three cave lineages have independently accumulated unique loss-of-function mutations over the last 10.3 Mya. Although several cave lineages still possess functional rhodopsin, they exhibit increased rates of nonsynonymous mutations that have greater effect on the structure and function of rhodopsin compared to those in surface lineages. These results indicate that functionality of rhodopsin has been repeatedly lost in amblyopsid cavefishes. The presence of a functional copy of rhodopsin in some cave lineages is likely explained by stochastic accumulation of mutations following recent subterranean colonization. © 2012 The Author(s). Evolution© 2012 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ZooKeys
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 May 2014
                Issue: 412
                Pages: 41-57
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Museum of Natural Science, Ichthyology Section, 119 Foster Hall, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
                [2 ]University of Kentucky, Department of Biology, 200 Thomas Hunt Morgan Building, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Prosanta Chakrabarty ( prosanta@ 123456lsu.edu )

                Academic editor: C. Baldwin

                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.412.7245
                PMC ID: 4042695
                SO-VID: 433c86a4-3cb7-4611-8863-5aebfb40ea5e
                Copyright © Prosanta Chakrabarty, Jacques A. Prejean, Matthew L. Niemiller
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 12 February 2014
                Date accepted : 13 May 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: cryptic diversity,genseq,new species,subterranean,taxonomy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: cryptic diversity, genseq, new species, subterranean, taxonomy

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