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      Type 2 Diabetes and Testosterone Therapy

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          Abstract

          A third of men with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) and associated increased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Men with HH are at increased risk of developing incident T2DM. We conducted MEDLINE, EMBASE, and COCHRANE reviews on T2DM, HH, testosterone deficiency, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality from May 2005 to October 2017, yielding 1,714 articles, 52 clinical trials and 32 randomized controlled trials (RCT). Studies with testosterone therapy suggest significant benefits in sexual function, quality of life, glycaemic control, anaemia, bone density, fat, and lean muscle mass. Meta-analyses of RCT, rather than providing clarification, have further confused the issue by including under-powered studies of inadequate duration, multiple regimes, some discontinued, and inbuilt bias in terms of studies included or excluded from analysis.

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          Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels.

          Rebecca Vigen (2013)
          Rates of testosterone therapy are increasing and the effects of testosterone therapy on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality are unknown. A recent randomized clinical trial of testosterone therapy in men with a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases was stopped prematurely due to adverse cardiovascular events raising concerns about testosterone therapy safety. To assess the association between testosterone therapy and all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke among male veterans and to determine whether this association is modified by underlying coronary artery disease. A retrospective national cohort study of men with low testosterone levels (<300 ng/dL) who underwent coronary angiography in the Veterans Affairs (VA) system between 2005 and 2011. Primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, MI, and ischemic stroke. Of the 8709 men with a total testosterone level lower than 300 ng/dL, 1223 patients started testosterone therapy after a median of 531 days following coronary angiography. Of the 1710 outcome events, 748 men died, 443 had MIs, and 519 had strokes. Of 7486 patients not receiving testosterone therapy, 681 died, 420 had MIs, and 486 had strokes. Among 1223 patients receiving testosterone therapy, 67 died, 23 had MIs, and 33 had strokes. At 3 years after coronary angiography, the Kaplan-Meier estimated cumulative percentages with events were 19.9%in the no testosterone therapy group vs 25.7%in the testosterone therapy group,with an absolute risk difference of 5.8%(95%CI, -1.4%to 13.1%) [corrected].The Kaplan-Meier estimated cumulative percentages with events among the no testosterone therapy group vs testosterone therapy group at 1 year after coronary angiography were 10.1% vs 11.3%; at 2 years, 15.4% vs 18.5%; and at 3 years, 19.9% vs 25.7 [corrected].There was no significant difference in the effect size of testosterone therapy among those with and without coronary artery disease (test for interaction, P = .41). Among a cohort of men in the VA health care system who underwent coronary angiography and had a low serum testosterone level, the use of testosterone therapy was associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes. These findings may inform the discussion about the potential risks of testosterone therapy.
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            Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men.

            Peter J Snyder, Shalender Bhasin, Glenn Cunningham … (2016)
            Serum testosterone concentrations decrease as men age, but benefits of raising testosterone levels in older men have not been established.
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              Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men.

              Eric Ding, Yiqing Song, JoAnn Manson … (2009)
              Circulating sex hormone-binding globulin levels are inversely associated with insulin resistance, but whether these levels can predict the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is uncertain. We performed a nested case-control study of postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Study who were not using hormone therapy (359 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 359 controls). Plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin were measured; two polymorphisms of the gene encoding sex hormone-binding globulin, SHBG, that were robustly associated with the protein levels were genotyped and applied in mendelian randomization analyses. We then conducted a replication study in an independent cohort of men from the Physicians' Health Study II (170 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 170 controls). Among women, higher plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin were prospectively associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes: multivariable odds ratios were 1.00 for the first (lowest) quartile of plasma levels, 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 to 0.33) for the second quartile, 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.12) for the third quartile, and 0.09 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.21) for the fourth (highest) quartile (P<0.001 for trend). These prospective associations were replicated among men (odds ratio for the highest quartile of plasma levels vs. the lowest quartile, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.36; P<0.001 for trend). As compared with homozygotes of the respective wild-type allele, carriers of a variant allele of the SHBG single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6259 had 10% higher sex hormone-binding globulin levels (P=0.005), and carriers of an rs6257 variant had 10% lower plasma levels (P=0.004); variants of both SNPs were also associated with a risk of type 2 diabetes in directions corresponding to their associated sex hormone-binding globulin levels. In mendelian randomization analyses, the predicted odds ratio of type 2 diabetes per standard-deviation increase in the plasma level of sex hormone-binding globulin was 0.28 (95% CI, 0.13 to 0.58) among women and 0.29 (95% CI, 0.15 to 0.58) among men, a finding that suggests that sex hormone-binding globulin may have a causal role in the risk of type 2 diabetes. Low circulating levels of sex hormone-binding globulin are a strong predictor of the risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men. The clinical usefulness of both SHBG genotypes and plasma levels in stratification and intervention for the risk of type 2 diabetes warrants further examination. 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Mens Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): World J Mens Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WJMH
                Title: The World Journal of Men's Health
                Publisher: Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology
                ISSN (Print): 2287-4208
                ISSN (Electronic): 2287-4690
                Publication date (Print): January 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 July 2018
                Volume: 37
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 31-44
                Affiliations
                Department of Urology, Good Hope Hospital, Heart of England Foundation Trust and University of Aston, Birmingham, UK.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Geoffrey Hackett. Department of Urology, Good Hope Hospital, Rectory Road, Sutton Coldfield B75 7RR, UK. Tel: +44-121-424-2000, Fax: +44-1543-432622, hackettgeoff@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2073-3001
                Article
                DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.180027
                PMC ID: 6305869
                PubMed ID: 30079639
                SO-VID: 4348cfb7-c4b8-490a-a079-21b04bb13766
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 15 March 2018
                Date revision received : 03 April 2018
                Date accepted : 08 April 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: cardiovascular diseases,diabetes mellitus, type 2,hypogonadism,major adverse coronary events,testosterone deficiency
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, type 2, hypogonadism, major adverse coronary events, testosterone deficiency

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