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      The potential of statistical shape modelling for geometric morphometric analysis of human teeth in archaeological research

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          Abstract

          This paper introduces statistical shape modelling (SSM) for use in osteoarchaeology research. SSM is a full field, multi-material analytical technique, and is presented as a supplementary geometric morphometric (GM) tool. Lower mandibular canines from two archaeological populations and one modern population were sampled, digitised using micro-CT, aligned, registered to a baseline and statistically modelled using principal component analysis (PCA). Sample material properties were incorporated as a binary enamel/dentin parameter. Results were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using anatomical landmarks. Finally, the technique’s application was demonstrated for inter-sample comparison through analysis of the principal component (PC) weights. It was found that SSM could provide high detail qualitative and quantitative insight with respect to archaeological inter- and intra-sample variability. This technique has value for archaeological, biomechanical and forensic applications including identification, finite element analysis (FEA) and reconstruction from partial datasets.

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          Most cited references84

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          Patterns of molar wear in hunger-gatherers and agriculturalists.

          Tooth wear records valuable information on diet and methods of food preparation in prehistoric populations or extinct species. In this study, samples of modern and prehistoric hunger-gatherers and agriculturalists are used to test the hypothesis that there are systematic differences in patterns of tooth wear related to major differences in subsistence and food preparation. Flatness of molar wear is compared for five groups in hunger-gatherers (N = 298) and five groups of early agriculturalists (N = 365). Hunger-gatherers are predicted to develop flatter molar wear due to the mastication of tough and fibrous foods, whereas agriculturalists should develop oblique molar wear due to an increase in the proportion of ground and prepared food in the diet. A method is presented for the quantitative measurement and analysis of flatness of molar wear. Comparisons of wear plane angle are made between teeth matched for the same stage of occlusal surface wear, thus standardizing all groups to the same rate of wear. Agriculturalists develop highly angled occlusal wear planes on the entire molar dentition. Their wear plane angles tend to exceed hunger-gatherers by about 10 degrees in advanced wear. Wear plane angles are similar within subsistence divisions despite regional differences in particular foods. This approach can be used to provide supporting evidence of change in human subsistence and to test dietary hypotheses in hominoid evolution.
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            Linear measurements of cortical bone and dental enamel by computed tomography: applications and problems.

            This paper explores the potential of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) as a morphometric tool in paleoanthropology. The accuracy of linear measurements of enamel thickness and cortical bone thickness taken from CT scans is evaluated by making comparison with measurements taken directly from physical sections. The measurements of cortical bone are taken on extant and fossil specimens with and without attached matrix, and the dental specimens studied include a sample of 12 extant human molars. Local CT numbers (representing X-ray attenuation) are used to determine the exact position of the boundaries of a structure. Using this technique most studied dimensions, including four of human molar enamel thickness, could be obtained from CT scans with a maximum error range of +/- 0.1 mm. The limitations of the method are discussed with special reference to problems associated with highly mineralized fossils.
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              Dental wear scoring technique

              E. Scott (1979)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: Supervision
                Role: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                7 December 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 12
                : e0186754
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom
                [2 ] Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Avenue Campus, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom
                Monash University, AUSTRALIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5003-9152
                Article
                PONE-D-16-51376
                10.1371/journal.pone.0186754
                5720725
                29216199
                43602ac6-e7e4-46c5-819e-deb01d4636c2
                © 2017 Woods et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 1 January 2017
                : 7 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 3, Pages: 25
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000287, Royal Academy of Engineering;
                Award ID: RF/130
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006041, Innovate UK;
                Award ID: KTP 8930
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000267, Arts and Humanities Research Council;
                Award ID: AH/L503939/1
                Award Recipient :
                The authors were funded by the following research grants: AD - Royal Academy of Engineering (Grant RF/130) - http://www.raeng.org.uk; AD/CW - InnovateUK (Grant KTP 8930) - https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/innovate-uk; CF - Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) PhD Studentship (Grant AH/L503939/1) - http://www.ahrc.ac.uk. Facilities funding for the MuVis Centre were provided by EPSRC grant EP-H01506X. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Digestive Physiology
                Dentition
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Digestive Physiology
                Dentition
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Morphometry
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Methods
                Multivariate Analysis
                Principal Component Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Dentin
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Dentin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Dentin
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Dentin
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Models
                Custom metadata
                All data supporting this study are openly available from the University of Southampton repository at http://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/404043. Due to ethical restrictions, raw data from CT scans is unavailable. Requests for this data may be sent to Ethics and Research Governance Online at ergo@ 123456soton.ac.uk quoting study reference 6870.

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