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      Cognition and obesity in adults with epilepsy Translated title: Cognición y obesidad en adultos con epilepsia

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective: to assess the occurrence of overweight/obesity in patient with epilepsy (PWEs) and to relate it to cognitive aspects and clinical variables. Methodology: the measurements of waist circumference, calf circumference, arm circumference, and the body mass index were related to the scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Brief Cognitive Battery-Edu, as well as to the clinical variables of 164 PWEs, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Data were compared to a similar control group (CG) comprising 71 cases. Linear and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess factors related to cognitive aspects. Results: the mean age of the PWEs was 49.8 ± 16.6 years with a mean length of epilepsy of 22 ± 15.9 years. Overweight/obesity occurred in 106 (64.6 %) PWEs and in 42 (59.1 %) CG subjects. The PWEs had a worse performance in several cognitive functions when compared to CG subjects. In the PWEs, overweight/obesity was associated with lower educational level, older age, and cognitive impairment. Greater waist circumference, overweight, age at the first seizure, and use of polytherapy with antiseizure medications were predictive factors of memory impairment in multiple linear regression. Greater arm and calf circumference values were associated with better performance in several cognitive areas. Conclusion: the occurrence of overweight/obesity in PWEs and CG subjects was high. Cognitive impairment occurred in a high number of PWEs and was associated with overweight, greater waist circumference values, and clinical aspects of epilepsy. Better cognitive performance was associated with greater arm and calf circumference.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: evaluar la ocurrencia de sobrepeso/obesidad en pacientes con epilepsia y relacionarla con aspectos cognitivos y variables clínicas. Metodología: las medidas de circunferencia de cintura, circunferencia de pantorrilla, circunferencia de brazo e índice de masa corporal se relacionaron con los puntajes del Mini-Mental State Exam y de la Batería Cognitiva Breve-Edu, así como con las variables clínicas de 164 pacientes con epilepsia, con un nivel de significación de p < 0,05. Los datos se compararon con un grupo de control similar (GC) compuesto por 71 casos. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística lineal y múltiple para evaluar factores relacionados con aspectos cognitivos. Resultados: la edad media de las pacientes con epilepsia fue de 49,8 ± 16,6 años con una duración media de la epilepsia de 22 ± 15,9 años. Presentaron sobrepeso/obesidad 106 (64,6 %) pacientes con epilepsia y 42 (59,1 %) sujetos del GC. Los pacientes con epilepsia tuvieron un peor desempeño en varias funciones cognitivas en comparación con los sujetos del GC. En las pacientes con epilepsia, el sobrepeso/obesidad se asoció con menor nivel educativo, mayor edad y deterioro cognitivo. La mayor circunferencia de la cintura, el sobrepeso, la edad de la primera convulsión y el uso de politerapia con medicamentos anticonvulsivos fueron factores predictivos del deterioro de la memoria en la regresión lineal múltiple. Los valores mayores de circunferencia del brazo y la pantorrilla se asociaron con un mejor rendimiento en varias áreas cognitivas. Conclusión: la incidencia de sobrepeso/obesidad en sujetos pacientes con epilepsia y GC fue alta. El deterioro cognitivo ocurrió en un alto número de pacientes con epilepsia y se asoció con sobrepeso, mayores valores de circunferencia de la cintura y aspectos clínicos de la epilepsia. Un mejor rendimiento cognitivo se asoció con una mayor circunferencia del brazo y la pantorrilla.

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          Most cited references34

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          ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology

          The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Classification of the Epilepsies has been updated to reflect our gain in understanding of the epilepsies and their underlying mechanisms following the major scientific advances that have taken place since the last ratified classification in 1989. As a critical tool for the practicing clinician, epilepsy classification must be relevant and dynamic to changes in thinking, yet robust and translatable to all areas of the globe. Its primary purpose is for diagnosis of patients, but it is also critical for epilepsy research, development of antiepileptic therapies, and communication around the world. The new classification originates from a draft document submitted for public comments in 2013, which was revised to incorporate extensive feedback from the international epilepsy community over several rounds of consultation. It presents three levels, starting with seizure type, where it assumes that the patient is having epileptic seizures as defined by the new 2017 ILAE Seizure Classification. After diagnosis of the seizure type, the next step is diagnosis of epilepsy type, including focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, combined generalized, and focal epilepsy, and also an unknown epilepsy group. The third level is that of epilepsy syndrome, where a specific syndromic diagnosis can be made. The new classification incorporates etiology along each stage, emphasizing the need to consider etiology at each step of diagnosis, as it often carries significant treatment implications. Etiology is broken into six subgroups, selected because of their potential therapeutic consequences. New terminology is introduced such as developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. The term benign is replaced by the terms self-limited and pharmacoresponsive, to be used where appropriate. It is hoped that this new framework will assist in improving epilepsy care and research in the 21st century.
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            Chronic epilepsy and cognition.

            Cognitive profiles in epilepsy are as heterogenous as the epileptic syndromes themselves; causes, topography of epileptogenic areas, pathogenetic mechanisms, and the diverse features characterising the clinical course all contribute to the effect on cognition. Chronic epilepsy generally impairs cognition, but it also induces processes of functional reorganisation and behavioural compensation. In most idiopathic epilepsies, cognition is only mildly deteriorated or even normal by clinical standards. Localisation-related cryptogenic and symptomatic epilepsy disorders are accompanied by focal deficits that mirror the specific functions of the respective areas. Poor cognitive outcome is generally associated with an early onset and a long duration of the disease and with poor seizure control. There is evidence that cognitive functions are already impaired at the onset of the disease, and that the maturation of cognitive functions in children is susceptible to the adverse influence of epilepsy. In adults, cognitive decline progresses very slowly over decades with an age regression similar to that of people without epilepsy. Successful epilepsy surgery can stop or partly reverse the unfavourable cognitive development, but left-temporal resections in particular have a high risk of additional postoperative verbal memory impairment. Cognitive recovery in the adult brain after successful surgery indicates functional compensation and, to some degree, functional reorganisation or a reactivation of functions previously suppressed by influence from distant but connected epileptogenic areas.
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              Relation between body mass index and cognitive function in healthy middle-aged men and women.

              To assess whether body mass index (BMI) is associated with cognitive function and cognitive decline in healthy men and women. In this prospective cohort study, we analyzed data from 2,223 healthy workers aged 32 to 62 years at baseline. Medical, psychosocial, and environmental data were collected in 1996 and in 2001. We tested cognitive functions at baseline and at follow-up with word-list learning (four recalls), a Digit-Symbol Substitution Test, and a selective attention test. Cross-sectionally, a higher BMI was associated with lower cognitive scores after adjustment for age, sex, educational level, blood pressure, diabetes, and other psychosocial covariables. A higher BMI at baseline was also associated with a higher cognitive decline at follow-up, after adjustment for the above-cited confounding factors. This association was significant for word-list learning. For the changes in scores at word-list learning (delayed recall), regression coefficients were -0.008 +/- 0.13, -0.09 +/- 0.13, -0.17 +/- 0.14, and -0.35 +/- 0.14 (p for trend < 0.001) for the second, third, fourth, and fifth quintiles of BMI at baseline when compared with the first quintile. No significant association was found between changes in BMI and cognitive function. Body mass index was independently associated both with cognitive function (word-list learning and Digit-Symbol Substitution Test) and changes in word-list learning in healthy, nondemented, middle-aged men and women.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                October 2023
                : 40
                : 5
                : 1033-1040
                Affiliations
                [1] São Paulo São Paulo orgnamePontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas Brazil
                [2] São Paulo São Paulo orgnamePontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Brazil
                Article
                S0212-16112023000600017 S0212-1611(23)04000500017
                10.20960/nh.04421
                4362478b-70ae-49ab-8c24-7edece330772

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 September 2022
                : 31 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Paper

                Epilepsy,Epilepsia,Obesidad,Exceso de peso,Cognición,Obesity,Overweight,Cognition

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