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      Homocysteinemia Correlates with Plasma Thiol Redox Status in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

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          Abstract

          Background/Aims: In end-stage renal disease (ESRD), hyperhomocysteinemia is a common finding associated with increased cardiovascular risk. However, the pathogenic role of homocysteine is still unclear. In vitro studies show that thiol redox status affects endothelial cell functions. We therefore investigated the possible association between homocysteinemia and plasma thiol redox status in ESRD patients. Methods: Total plasma homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys) and free thiols (SH) were measured both before and after a dialytic session in 54 ESRD patients receiving (n = 15) or not receiving (n = 39) folate supplementation, and 17 control subjects. Results: High predialysis levels of both Hcy and Cys were found to be negatively correlated with low SH levels both in supplemented (r = –0.680, p < 0.01 and r = –0.624, p < 0.02, respectively) and unsupplemented (r = –0.698, p < 0.001 and r = –0.445, p < 0.01, respectively) patients. Following dialysis, SH values returned to normal and the above correlations were no longer appreciable. Conclusion: A strong, folate therapy-insensitive association between homocysteinemia and plasma free thiol levels was found in ESRD patients. These results support a role for oxidative stress in ESRD-related hyperhomocysteinemia and suggest the plasma thiol redox status alteration as a possible pathogenic mechanism underlying the cardiovascular toxicity of hyperhomocysteinemia in these patients.

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          Folate treatment and unbalanced methylation and changes of allelic expression induced by hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with uraemia.

          Hyperhomocysteinaemia occurs in several genetically determined and acquired disorders and is highly prevalent in patients with uraemia. In these disorders, homocysteine precursor S-adenosylhomocysteine, a powerful competitive inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases, is increased, suggesting unbalanced methylation. We aimed to investigate whether DNA hypomethylation is present in patients with uraemia who also have hyperhomocysteinaemia and whether regulation of specific classes of genes, dependent on DNA methylation, is compromised. We selected men with hyperhomocysteinaemia and uraemia who were having standard haemodialysis treatment, and compared them with healthy male controls. We measured the homocysteine concentration from plasma samples and obtained DNA and RNA samples from peripheral mononuclear cells. DNA methylation was assessed by cytosine extension assay and by Southern blotting. Allelic expression of pseudoautosomal and imprinted genes was investigated by analysis of suitable restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Total DNA hypomethylation was higher in patients than in controls (z score -4.593, p=0.0006) and allelic expression was changed in both sex-linked and imprinted genes. The shift from monoallelic to biallelic expression was dependent on homocysteine concentrations. Folate therapy, a common method to reduce hyperhomocysteinaemia, restored DNA methylation to normal levels and corrected the patterns of gene expression. Our results suggest that hyperhomocysteinaemia affects epigenetic control of gene expression, which can be reverted by folate treatment. Our data support the hypothesis that the toxic action of homocysteine can be mediated by macromolecule hypomethylation.
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            Traditional and emerging cardiovascular and renal risk factors: an epidemiologic perspective.

            C Zoccali (2006)
            Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent an important segment of the population (7-10%) and, mostly because of the high risk of cardiovascular complications associated with renal insufficiency, detection and treatment of CKD is now a public health priority. Traditional risk factors can incite renal dysfunction and cardiovascular damage as well. As renal function deteriorates, non-traditional risk factors play an increasing role both in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) loss and cardiovascular damage. Secondary analyses of controlled clinical trials suggest that inflammation may be a modifiable risk factor both for cardiac ischemia and renal disease progression in patients with or at risk of coronary heart disease. Homocysteine predicts renal function loss in the general population and cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but evidence that this sulfur amino acid is directly implicated in the progression of renal disease and in the high cardiovascular mortality of uremic patients is still lacking. High sympathetic activity and raised plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) have been associated to reduced GFR in patients with CKD and to cardiovascular complications in those with ESRD but again we still lack clinical trials targeting these risk factors. Presently, the clinical management of CKD patients remains largely unsatisfactory because only a minority of these attain the treatment goals recommended by current guidelines. Thus, in addition to research into new and established risk factors, it is important that nephrologists make the best use of knowledge already available to optimize the follow-up of these patients.
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              Glutathione antioxidant system as a marker of oxidative stress in chronic renal failure

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NEC
                Nephron Clin Pract
                10.1159/issn.1660-2110
                Nephron Clinical Practice
                S. Karger AG
                1660-2110
                2008
                March 2008
                22 January 2008
                : 108
                : 2
                : c106-c112
                Affiliations
                Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
                Article
                113527 Nephron Clin Pract 2008;108:c106
                10.1159/000113527
                18212512
                43643aba-533f-43e3-b3dc-88b7838eea42
                © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 09 February 2007
                : 17 October 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, References: 34, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Homocysteine,Oxidative stress,End-stage renal disease,Cardiovascular disease,Dialysis,Sulfhydryl compounds

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