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      Safety Assessment by Multiphoton Fluorescence/Second Harmonic Generation/Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering Tomography of ZnO Nanoparticles Used in Cosmetic Products

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          Abstract

          Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are commonly used as UV filters in commercial sunscreen products. Their penetration into the skin is intensively discussed in the literature. In the present in vivo study, penetration of ZnO NPs (30 nm in size) into human skin was investigated by multiphoton tomography. Based on the non-linear effects of a second harmonic generation and hyper-Rayleigh scattering, the distribution of ZnO NPs in the horny layers of the epidermis, as well as the furrows, wrinkles and orifice of the hair follicles was analyzed. This method permitted distinguishing between the particulate and dissolved forms of Zn. A detection limit of 0.08 fg/µm<sup>3</sup> was estimated. Taking advantage of this sensitivity, it was clearly shown that ZnO NPs penetrate only into the outermost layers of stratum corneum, furrows and into the orifices of the hair follicles and do not reach the viable epidermis.

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          The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer

          Bruce Armstrong, Anne Kricker (2001)
          Article 0 comments Cited 259 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Aggregation and dissolution of 4 nm ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous environments: influence of pH, ionic strength, size, and adsorption of humic acid.

            Shao-Wei Bian, Imali A Mudunkotuwa, Thilini Rupasinghe … (2011)
            Metal oxide nanoparticles are used in a wide range of commercial products, leading to an increased interest in the behavior of these materials in the aquatic environment. The current study focuses on the stability of some of the smallest ZnO nanomaterials, 4 ± 1 nm in diameter nanoparticles, in aqueous solutions as a function of pH and ionic strength as well as upon the adsorption of humic acid. Measurements of nanoparticle aggregation due to attractive particle-particle interactions show that ionic strength, pH, and adsorption of humic acid affect the aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous solutions, which are consistent with the trends expected from Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Measurements of nanoparticle dissolution at both low and high pH show that zinc ions can be released into the aqueous phase and that humic acid under certain, but not all, conditions can increase Zn(2+)(aq) concentrations. Comparison of the dissolution of ZnO nanoparticles of different nanoparticle diameters, including those near 15 and 240 nm, shows that the smallest nanoparticles dissolve more readily. Although qualitatively this enhancement in dissolution can be predicted by classical thermodynamics, quantitatively it does not describe the dissolution behavior very well.
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              The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI

              T Fitzpatrick (1988)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SPP
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Skin Pharmacol Physiol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1660-5527
                Title: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1660-5527
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-5535
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2012
                Publication date (Print): June 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 May 2012
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 219-226
                Affiliations
                aCenter of Experimental and Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, and bJenLab GmbH, Jena, Germany
                Author notes
                *Dr. Maxim E. Darvin, PhD, Center of Experimental and Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, DE–10117 Berlin (Germany), Tel. +49 30 450 518 208, E-Mail maxim.darvin@charite.de
                Article
                Publisher ID: 338976 Other ID: Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012;25:219–226
                DOI: 10.1159/000338976
                PubMed ID: 22653438
                SO-VID: 4381c0eb-25d0-4739-81e8-9976b1be0150
                Copyright © © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 29 December 2011
                Date accepted : 17 April 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy,Pathology,Surgery,Dermatology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Sunscreens,Penetration,Skin,Zinc oxide,Ultraviolet filter,Stratum corneum
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy, Pathology, Surgery, Dermatology, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Sunscreens, Penetration, Skin, Zinc oxide, Ultraviolet filter, Stratum corneum

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