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      Revisión sistemática sobre la estructura interna y externa del press de banca Translated title: Systematic review of the internal and external structure of the bench press

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura con el objetivo de agrupar el conocimiento actual sobre el análisis de la estructura interna (actividad muscular), y estructura externa (cinemática) en el ejercicio de press de banca para una mejor comprensión del ejercicio. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PUBMED, sobre artículos que realizaran una investigación en la actividad muscular y cinemática del ejercicio de press de banca. Se obtuvieron un total de 40 artículos. Una vez analizados, se aplicaron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, finalmente 8 artículos fueron incluidos. Resultados. Los músculos: pectoral mayor, deltoides anterior y tríceps braquial se han estudiado como los motores primarios del ejercicio, observando la respuesta de la actividad muscular en cuanto a cambios de intensidad, estímulos externos, orden de ejercicios y subfases del movimiento. Sobresalen el pectoral y tríceps como músculos que presentan una mayor actividad durante el ejercicio. En la mayoría de los estudios, un aumento de la intensidad conlleva a la aparición de la denominada “sticking región”, donde aparece una disminución de los parámetros cinemáticos durante el levantamiento de la barra, acompañado por una activación limitada del pectoral y el deltoides anterior. Conclusiones. Hay un mayor conocimiento de la estructura interna, realizada metodológicamente de distintas formas por lo que es necesaria la unificación de los procedimientos para mejorar el conocimiento del press de banca. Sin embargo, hay muy poca información sobre aspectos cinemáticos del movimiento y su estudio, así como sobre las relaciones entre estos parámetros y la actividad muscular con el objetico de obtener la relación causa efecto entre la actividad muscular y el movimiento que esta produce.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective. A review of the literature was carried out with the aim of grouping the current knowledge on the analysis of the internal structure (muscle activity) and external structure (kinematic) studied together in the bench press exercise for a proper understanding of the phenomenon. Methods. A search was made in the PUBMED database of articles that carried out an investigation on the muscle activity and kinematic of the bench press exercise. A total of 40 articles were obtained. Once analyzed, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, a total of 8 articles were included. Results. The pectoralis major, anterior deltoids, and triceps brachii muscles have been studied as the primary movers of exercise, observing the response of muscle activity in terms of changes in intensity, external stimuli, order of exercises, and subphases of movement. The pectoral and triceps stand out as muscles that present greater activity during exercise. In most studies, an increase in intensity leads to the appearance of the so-called sticking region, where a decrease in kinematic parameters appears during the lifting of the bar, accompanied by limited activation of the pectoral and anterior deltoid. Conclusions. There is a greater knowledge of the internal structure, carried out methodologically in different ways, so it is necessary to unify the procedures to improve knowledge of the phenomenon. However, there is no much studies focus on kinematic knowledge of movement and its study, as well as establish the relationships between these parameters and muscle activity in order to obtain the causeeffect relationship between muscle activity and the movement it produces.

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          Most cited references22

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          American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults.

          (2009)
          In order to stimulate further adaptation toward specific training goals, progressive resistance training (RT) protocols are necessary. The optimal characteristics of strength-specific programs include the use of concentric (CON), eccentric (ECC), and isometric muscle actions and the performance of bilateral and unilateral single- and multiple-joint exercises. In addition, it is recommended that strength programs sequence exercises to optimize the preservation of exercise intensity (large before small muscle group exercises, multiple-joint exercises before single-joint exercises, and higher-intensity before lower-intensity exercises). For novice (untrained individuals with no RT experience or who have not trained for several years) training, it is recommended that loads correspond to a repetition range of an 8-12 repetition maximum (RM). For intermediate (individuals with approximately 6 months of consistent RT experience) to advanced (individuals with years of RT experience) training, it is recommended that individuals use a wider loading range from 1 to 12 RM in a periodized fashion with eventual emphasis on heavy loading (1-6 RM) using 3- to 5-min rest periods between sets performed at a moderate contraction velocity (1-2 s CON; 1-2 s ECC). When training at a specific RM load, it is recommended that 2-10% increase in load be applied when the individual can perform the current workload for one to two repetitions over the desired number. The recommendation for training frequency is 2-3 d x wk(-1) for novice training, 3-4 d x wk(-1) for intermediate training, and 4-5 d x wk(-1) for advanced training. Similar program designs are recommended for hypertrophy training with respect to exercise selection and frequency. For loading, it is recommended that loads corresponding to 1-12 RM be used in periodized fashion with emphasis on the 6-12 RM zone using 1- to 2-min rest periods between sets at a moderate velocity. Higher volume, multiple-set programs are recommended for maximizing hypertrophy. Progression in power training entails two general loading strategies: 1) strength training and 2) use of light loads (0-60% of 1 RM for lower body exercises; 30-60% of 1 RM for upper body exercises) performed at a fast contraction velocity with 3-5 min of rest between sets for multiple sets per exercise (three to five sets). It is also recommended that emphasis be placed on multiple-joint exercises especially those involving the total body. For local muscular endurance training, it is recommended that light to moderate loads (40-60% of 1 RM) be performed for high repetitions (>15) using short rest periods (<90 s). In the interpretation of this position stand as with prior ones, recommendations should be applied in context and should be contingent upon an individual's target goals, physical capacity, and training status.
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            A biomechanical analysis of the sticking region in the bench press.

            The performance of ten elite powerlifters were analyzed in a simulated competition environment using three-dimensional cinematography and surface electromyography while bench pressing approximately 80% of maximum, a maximal load, and an unsuccessful supramaximal attempt. The resultant moment arm (from the sagittal and transverse planes) of the weight about the shoulder axis decreased throughout the upward movement of the bar. The resultant moment arm of the weight about the elbow axis decreased throughout the initial portion of the ascent of the bar, recording a minimum value during the sticking region, and subsequently increased throughout the remainder of the ascent of the bar. The electromyograms produced by the prime mover muscles (sternal portion of pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, long head of triceps brachii) achieved maximal activation at the commencement of the ascent phase of the lift and maintained this level essentially unchanged throughout the upward movement of the bar. The sticking region, therefore, did not appear to be caused by an increase in the moment arm of the weight about the shoulder or elbow joints or by a minimization of muscular activity during this region. A possible mechanism which envisages the sticking region as a force-reduced transition phase between a strain energy-assisted acceleration phase and a mechanically advantageous maximum strength region is postulated.
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              RPE and Velocity Relationships for the Back Squat, Bench Press, and Deadlift in Powerlifters.

              Helms, ER, Storey, A, Cross, MR, Browm, SR, Lenetsky, S, Ramsay, H, Dillen, C, and Zourdos, MC. RPE and velocity relationships for the back squat, bench press, and deadlift in powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 292-297, 2017-The purpose of this study was to compare average concentric velocity (ACV) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) based on repetitions in reserve on the squat, bench press, and deadlift. Fifteen powerlifters (3 women and 12 men, mean age 28.4 ± 8.5 years) worked up to a one repetition maximum (1RM) on each lift. Rating of perceived exertion was recorded on all sets, and the ACV was recorded for all sets performed at 80% of estimated 1RM and higher, up to 1RM. Rating of perceived exertion at 1RM on squat, bench press, and deadlift was 9.6 ± 0.5, 9.7 ± 0.4, and 9.6 ± 0.5, respectively and was not significantly different (p > 0.05). The ACV at 1RM on squat, bench press and deadlift was 0.23 ± 0.05, 0.10 ± 0.04, and 0.14 ± 0.05 m·second, respectively. Squat was faster than both bench press and deadlift (p > 0.001), and deadlift was faster than bench press (p = 0.05). Very strong relationships (r = 0.88-0.91) between percentage 1RM and RPE were observed on each lift. The ACV showed strong (r = -0.79 to -0.87) and very strong (r = -0.90 to 92) inverse relationships with RPE and percentage 1RM on each lift, respectively. We conclude that RPE may be a useful tool for prescribing intensity for squat, bench press, and deadlift in powerlifters, in addition to traditional methods such as percentage of 1RM. Despite high correlations between percentage 1RM and ACV, a "velocity load profile" should be developed to prescribe intensity on an individual basis with appropriate accuracy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2021
                : 6
                : 3
                : 557-568
                Affiliations
                [1] Cáceres Extremadura orgnameUniversidad de Extremadura orgdiv1HEME Research Group Spain
                Article
                S2529-850X2021000300008 S2529-850X(21)00600300008
                10.19230/jonnpr.3699
                438b1377-0d92-46c3-b59e-d3bb5a9c40c9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 April 2020
                : 20 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                electromiografía,sticking region,strength training,electromiography,kinetic,kinematic,Muscle activity,sticking región,entrenamiento de fuerza,cinética,cinemática,Actividad muscular

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