23
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Review of advanced imaging techniques

      review-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Pathology informatics encompasses digital imaging and related applications. Several specialized microscopy techniques have emerged which permit the acquisition of digital images (“optical biopsies”) at high resolution. Coupled with fiber-optic and micro-optic components, some of these imaging techniques (e.g., optical coherence tomography) are now integrated with a wide range of imaging devices such as endoscopes, laparoscopes, catheters, and needles that enable imaging inside the body. These advanced imaging modalities have exciting diagnostic potential and introduce new opportunities in pathology. Therefore, it is important that pathology informaticists understand these advanced imaging techniques and the impact they have on pathology. This paper reviews several recently developed microscopic techniques, including diffraction-limited methods (e.g., confocal microscopy, 2-photon microscopy, 4Pi microscopy, and spatially modulated illumination microscopy) and subdiffraction techniques (e.g., photoactivated localization microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, and stimulated emission depletion microscopy). This article serves as a primer for pathology informaticists, highlighting the fundamentals and applications of advanced optical imaging techniques.

          Related collections

          Most cited references109

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Optical coherence tomography.

          A technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been developed for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging in biological systems. OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce a two-dimensional image of optical scattering from internal tissue microstructures in a way that is analogous to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging. OCT has longitudinal and lateral spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and can detect reflected signals as small as approximately 10(-10) of the incident optical power. Tomographic imaging is demonstrated in vitro in the peripapillary area of the retina and in the coronary artery, two clinically relevant examples that are representative of transparent and turbid media, respectively.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Three-dimensional super-resolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy.

            Recent advances in far-field fluorescence microscopy have led to substantial improvements in image resolution, achieving a near-molecular resolution of 20 to 30 nanometers in the two lateral dimensions. Three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale-resolution imaging, however, remains a challenge. We demonstrated 3D stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) by using optical astigmatism to determine both axial and lateral positions of individual fluorophores with nanometer accuracy. Iterative, stochastic activation of photoswitchable probes enables high-precision 3D localization of each probe, and thus the construction of a 3D image, without scanning the sample. Using this approach, we achieved an image resolution of 20 to 30 nanometers in the lateral dimensions and 50 to 60 nanometers in the axial dimension. This development allowed us to resolve the 3D morphology of nanoscopic cellular structures.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Nonlinear structured-illumination microscopy: wide-field fluorescence imaging with theoretically unlimited resolution.

              Contrary to the well known diffraction limit, the fluorescence microscope is in principle capable of unlimited resolution. The necessary elements are spatially structured illumination light and a nonlinear dependence of the fluorescence emission rate on the illumination intensity. As an example of this concept, this article experimentally demonstrates saturated structured-illumination microscopy, a recently proposed method in which the nonlinearity arises from saturation of the excited state. This method can be used in a simple, wide-field (nonscanning) microscope, uses only a single, inexpensive laser, and requires no unusual photophysical properties of the fluorophore. The practical resolving power is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio, which in turn is limited by photobleaching. Experimental results show that a 2D point resolution of <50 nm is possible on sufficiently bright and photostable samples.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Pathol Inform
                JPI
                Journal of Pathology Informatics
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                2153-3539
                2153-3539
                2012
                28 May 2012
                : 3
                : 22
                Affiliations
                [1]Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
                [1 ]Department of Medicine and BioEngineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
                [2 ]Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
                [3 ]Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author
                Article
                JPI-3-22
                10.4103/2153-3539.96751
                3385156
                22754737
                43a1a8e1-bed3-44c3-b056-efa0683c4399
                Copyright: © 2012 Chen Y.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 12 February 2012
                : 28 April 2012
                Categories
                Review Article

                Pathology
                microscopy,optical coherence tomography,stimulated emission depletion microscopy,2-photon microscopy,4pi microscopy,optics,spatially modulated illumination microscopy,advanced imaging,digital,photoactivated localization microscopy,confocal microscopy

                Comments

                Comment on this article