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      • Record: found
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      Pain in Children: Assessment and Nonpharmacological Management

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          Abstract

          Pain perception in children is complex, and is often difficult to assess. In addition, pain management in children is not always optimized in various healthcare settings, including emergency departments. A review of pain assessment scales that can be used in children across all ages, and a discussion of the importance of pain in control and distraction techniques during painful procedures are presented. Age specific nonpharmacological interventions used to manage pain in children are most effective when adapted to the developmental level of the child. Distraction techniques are often provided by nurses, parents or child life specialists and help in pain alleviation during procedures.

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          The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire.

          Ronald Melzack (1987)
          A short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) has been developed. The main component of the SF-MPQ consists of 15 descriptors (11 sensory; 4 affective) which are rated on an intensity scale as 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate or 3 = severe. Three pain scores are derived from the sum of the intensity rank values of the words chosen for sensory, affective and total descriptors. The SF-MPQ also includes the Present Pain Intensity (PPI) index of the standard MPQ and a visual analogue scale (VAS). The SF-MPQ scores obtained from patients in post-surgical and obstetrical wards and physiotherapy and dental departments were compared to the scores obtained with the standard MPQ. The correlations were consistently high and significant. The SF-MPQ was also shown to be sufficiently sensitive to demonstrate differences due to treatment at statistical levels comparable to those obtained with the standard form. The SF-MPQ shows promise as a useful tool in situations in which the standard MPQ takes too long to administer, yet qualitative information is desired and the PPI and VAS are inadequate.
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            Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies.

            James A. Russell (1994)
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              The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children.

              S I Merkel, T Voepel-Lewis, J Shayevitz … (1997)
              To evaluate the reliability and validity of the FLACC Pain Assessment Tool which incorporates five categories of pain behaviors: facial expression; leg movement; activity; cry; and consolability. Eighty-nine children aged 2 months to 7 years, (3.0 +/- 2.0 yrs.) who had undergone a variety of surgical procedures, were observed in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU). The study consisted of: 1) measuring interrater reliability; 2) testing validity by measuring changes in FLACC scores in response to administration of analgesics; and 3) comparing FLACC scores to other pain ratings. The FLACC tool was found to have high interrater reliability. Preliminary evidence of validity was provided by the significant decrease in FLACC scores related to administration of analgesics. Validity was also supported by the correlation with scores assigned by the Objective Pain Scale (OPS) and nurses' global ratings of pain. The FLACC provides a simple framework for quantifying pain behaviors in children who may not be able to verbalize the presence or severity of pain. Our preliminary data indicates the FLACC pain assessment tool is valid and reliable.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Pediatr
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPED
                Title: International Journal of Pediatrics
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1687-9740
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-9759
                Publication date (Print): 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 July 2010
                Volume: 2010
                Electronic Location Identifier: 474838
                Affiliations
                Division of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Keira Mason

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2010/474838
                PMC ID: 2913812
                PubMed ID: 20706640
                SO-VID: 43a3a1cb-96b1-4394-9e3e-979f5b10ac06
                Copyright © Copyright © 2010 Rasha Srouji et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 30 January 2010
                Date accepted : 4 May 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics

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