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      Nomophobia in Lebanon: Scale validation and association with psychological aspects

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Nomophobia, an abbreviation of “No mobile phone phobia”, is characterized by the illogical fear of being detached from the mobile phone or unable to use it. Research have provided evidence of an association between increased cellular phone use and multiple health issues, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, and others. To our knowledge, there are no Lebanese studies about nomophobia, despite the high incorporation rate of mobile phones in Lebanon and the likelihood of suffering from anxiety, depression, and other conditions due to nomophobic attitudes. The study objectives were to validate and confirm psychometric properties of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and examine the associations between particular psychological conditions (anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia and impulsivity) and nomophobia among a representative sample of Lebanese people.

          Methods

          This cross-sectional study was carried out between January and July 2019. It enrolled 2260 residents of the community randomly selected from Lebanon’s Mohafazat. Two villages per sub-district and households from each village were chosen using a random sampling technique. A questionnaire was distributed randomly to the households. SPSS version 25 was used to perform the statistical analysis. A multinomial regression was computed taking the nomophobia categories as the dependent variable (and taking the absence of nomophobia as the reference category) and all variables that showed a significant association in the bivariate analysis as independent variables.

          Results

          A total of 2260 (80.71%) out of 2800 questionnaires distributed was collected back. The mean age of the participants was 27.98 ± 9.66 years (58.8% females). Moreover, the mean nomophobia score was 71.56 ± 26.92 (median = 71; minimum = 14; maximum = 140). The results showed that 46 (2.0%) had no nomophobia, 769 (34.1%) mild nomophobia [95% CI 0.322–0.361], 1089 (48.3%) moderate nomophobia [95% CI 0.463–0.504] and 349 (15.5%) severe nomophobia [95% CI 0.140–0.170]. Items of the nomophobia scale converged over a solution of three factors that had an Eigenvalue over 1 (Factor 1 = emotions associated to losing connectedness, Factor 2 = not being able to communicate, Factor 3 = not being able to access information; total variance explained = 66.65%, and Cronbach’s alpha = 0.948). The results of a multinomial regression, taking the nomophobia score as the dependent variable, showed that higher age was significantly associated with lower odds of having mild (aOR = 0.97), moderate (aOR = 0.93) and severe (aOR = 0.97) nomophobia respectively. Higher anxiety (aOR = 1.09) and higher insomnia (aOR = 1.04) were significantly associated with higher odds of having severe nomophobia.

          Conclusion

          The results suggest a positive correlation between nomophobia and psychological conditions. There is a need for longitudinal and prospective studies that furnish information with regards of the impact of time on the variables measured, in order to better understand the nature, causes, and attributes of nomophobia.

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          Most cited references50

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          A RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSION

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            Factor structure of the barratt impulsiveness scale

            The purpose of the present study was to revise the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 10 (BIS-10), identify the factor structure of the items among normals, and compare their scores on the revised form (BIS-11) with psychiatric inpatients and prison inmates. The scale was administered to 412 college undergraduates, 248 psychiatric inpatients, and 73 male prison inmates. Exploratory principal components analysis of the items identified six primary factors and three second-order factors. The three second-order factors were labeled Attentional Impulsiveness, Motor Impulsiveness, and Nonplanning Impulsiveness. Two of the three second-order factors identified in the BIS-11 were consistent with those proposed by Barratt (1985), but no cognitive impulsiveness component was identified per se. The results of the present study suggest that the total score of the BIS-11 is an internally consistent measure of impulsiveness and has potential clinical utility for measuring impulsiveness among selected patient and inmate populations.
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              THE ASSESSMENT OF ANXIETY STATES BY RATING

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Writing – original draft
                Role: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                20 April 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 4
                : e0249890
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
                [2 ] INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon
                [3 ] School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
                [4 ] Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
                [5 ] Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
                Iwate Medical University, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ SH and SO are last co-authors on this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6918-5689
                Article
                PONE-D-20-25221
                10.1371/journal.pone.0249890
                8057610
                33878132
                43adfbec-809c-481d-8f39-7c2d78a873e8
                © 2021 Farchakh et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 August 2020
                : 27 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 14
                Funding
                The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Engineering and Technology
                Equipment
                Communication Equipment
                Cell Phones
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Sleep Disorders
                Dyssomnias
                Insomnia
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Neurology
                Sleep Disorders
                Dyssomnias
                Insomnia
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Stress
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Emotions
                Anxiety
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Mood Disorders
                Depression
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Personality
                Personality Traits
                Impulsivity
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Personality
                Personality Traits
                Impulsivity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychometrics
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychometrics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Sleep
                Custom metadata
                Data cannot be shared publicly due to restrictions imposed by the Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross Ethics Committee to protect patient confidentiality, but is available upon request. Data requests may be sent to Mrs. Rana Nader at rnader@ 123456naderlawoffice.com or the corresponding author.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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