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      SURVIVAL, INDUCTION AND RESUSCITATION OF Vibrio cholerae FROM THE VIABLE BUT NON-CULTURABLE STATE IN THE SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN SEA Translated title: Supervivencia, inducción y resucitación de Vibrio cholerae del estado viable no cultivable en el sur del Mar Caribe

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          Abstract

          The causative agent of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, can enter into a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state in response to unfavorable conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in situ survival of V. cholerae in an aquatic environment of the Southern Caribbean Sea, and its induction and resuscitation from the VBNC state. V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 was inoculated into diffusion chambers placed at the Cuare Wildlife Refuge, Venezuela, and monitored for plate, total and viable cells counts. At 119 days of exposure to the environment, the colony count was < 10 CFU/mL and a portion of the bacterial population entered the VBNC state. Additionally, the viability decreased two orders of magnitude and morphological changes occurred from rod to coccoid cells. Among the aquatic environmental variables, the salinity had negative correlation with the colony counts in the dry season. Resuscitation studies showed significant recovery of cell cultivability with spent media addition ( p < 0.05). These results suggest that V. cholerae can persist in the VBNC state in this Caribbean environment and revert to a cultivable form under favorable conditions. The VBNC state might represent a critical step in cholera transmission in susceptible areas.

          Translated abstract

          El agente causal del cólera, Vibrio cholerae, puede entrar a un estado viable no cultivable (VNC) en respuesta a condiciones desfavorables. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la supervivencia in situ de V. cholerae en un ambiente acuático al sur del Mar Caribe y su inducción y resucitación del estado VBNC. V. cholerae no-O1, no-O139 fue inoculado en cámaras de difusión ubicadas en el Refugio de Fauna Cuare, Venezuela, y monitoreado para contaje de colonias, células totales y viables. En 119 días de exposición al ambiente, el contaje de colonias fue < 10 UFC/mL y una fracción de la población bacteriana entró al estado VBNC. Adicionalmente, la viabilidad disminuyó dos órdenes de magnitud y ocurrieron cambios morfológicos de células bacilares a cocoides. Entre las variables del ambiente acuático, la salinidad presentó correlación negativa con el contaje de colonias. Los estudios de resucitación mostraron recuperación significativa de la cultivabilidad celular con adición de sobrenadantes de cultivos en crecimiento activo ( p < 0.05). Estos resultados sugieren que V. cholerae puede persistir en estado VBNC en este ambiente de Caribe y revertir a una forma cultivable bajo condiciones favorables. El estado VBNC podría representar un paso crítico en la transmisión del cólera en áreas susceptibles.

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          Most cited references69

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          Recent findings on the viable but nonculturable state in pathogenic bacteria.

          Many bacteria, including a variety of important human pathogens, are known to respond to various environmental stresses by entry into a novel physiological state, where the cells remain viable, but are no longer culturable on standard laboratory media. On resuscitation from this 'viable but nonculturable' (VBNC) state, the cells regain culturability and the renewed ability to cause infection. It is likely that the VBNC state is a survival strategy, although several interesting alternative explanations have been suggested. This review describes the VBNC state, the various chemical and physical factors known to induce cells into this state, the cellular traits and gene expression exhibited by VBNC cells, their antibiotic resistance, retention of virulence and ability to attach and persist in the environment, and factors that have been found to allow resuscitation of VBNC cells. Along with simple reversal of the inducing stresses, a variety of interesting chemical and biological factors have been shown to allow resuscitation, including extracellular resuscitation-promoting proteins, a novel quorum-sensing system (AI-3) and interactions with amoeba. Finally, the central role of catalase in the VBNC response of some bacteria, including its genetic regulation, is described.
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            Survival and viability of nonculturableEscherichia coli andVibrio cholerae in the estuarine and marine environment.

            Plating methods for estimating survival of indicator organisms, such asEscherichia coli, and water-borne pathogens includingVibrio cholerae, have severe limitations when used to estimate viable populations of these organisms in the aquatic environment. By combining the methods of immunofluorescent microscopy, acridine orange direct counting, and direct viable counting, with culture methods such as indirect enumeration by most probable number (MPN) estimation and direct plating, it was shown that bothE. coli andV. cholerae undergo a "nonrecoverable" stage of existence, but remain viable. Following 2-week incubations in saltwater (5-25%o NaCl) microcosms, total counts, measured by direct microscopic examination of fluorescent antibody and acridine orange stained cells, remained unchanged, whereas MPN estimates and plate counts exhibited rapid decline. Results of direct viable counting, a procedure permitting estimate of substrate-responsive viable cells by microscopic examination, revealed that a significant proportion of the nonculturable cells were, indeed, viable. Thus, survival of pathogens in the aquatic environment must be re-assessed. The "die-off" or "decay" concept may not be completely valid. Furthermore, the usefulness of the coliform and fecal coliform indices for evaluating water quality for public health purposes may be seriously compromised, in the light of the finding reported here.
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              Understanding the Cholera Epidemic, Haiti

              After onset of a cholera epidemic in Haiti in mid-October 2010, a team of researchers from France and Haiti implemented field investigations and built a database of daily cases to facilitate identification of communes most affected. Several models were used to identify spatiotemporal clusters, assess relative risk associated with the epidemic’s spread, and investigate causes of its rapid expansion in Artibonite Department. Spatiotemporal analyses highlighted 5 significant clusters (p<0.001): 1 near Mirebalais (October 16–19) next to a United Nations camp with deficient sanitation, 1 along the Artibonite River (October 20–28), and 3 caused by the centrifugal epidemic spread during November. The regression model indicated that cholera more severely affected communes in the coastal plain (risk ratio 4.91) along the Artibonite River downstream of Mirebalais (risk ratio 4.60). Our findings strongly suggest that contamination of the Artibonite and 1 of its tributaries downstream from a military camp triggered the epidemic.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo
                Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo
                Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
                Instituto de Medicina Tropical
                0036-4665
                1678-9946
                Jan-Feb 2015
                Jan-Feb 2015
                : 57
                : 1
                : 21-26
                Affiliations
                [(1) ]Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
                [(2) ]Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Fisiología Gastrointestinal, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe, Edo. Miranda, Venezuela
                [(3) ]Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Edo. Carabobo, Venezuela
                [(4) ]Asociación de Lancheros de Chichiriviche, Edo. Falcón, Venezuela
                [(5) ]Instituto de Inmunología, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr. Paula Suárez, Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 1080 Caracas, Venezuela. Phone: +58.212.9063070. Fax: +58.212.9063047. E-mail: psuarez@ 123456usb.ve
                Article
                10.1590/S0036-46652015000100003
                4325519
                25651322
                440743b2-6e50-45db-b95d-74d12a8c3284

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 April 2013
                : 28 May 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, References: 36, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Microbiology

                vibrio cholera,in situ survival,vbnc state,resuscitation,aquatic environments,cholera

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