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      Likely effectiveness of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions for mitigating influenza virus transmission in Mongolia Translated title: Efficacité probable des interventions pharmaceutiques et non pharmaceutiques pour la réduction de la transmission du virus de la grippe en Mongolie Translated title: Eficacia posible de las intervenciones farmacéuticas y no farmacéuticas con objeto de mitigar la transmisión del virus de la gripe en Mongolia

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To assess the likely benefit of the interventions under consideration for use in Mongolia during future influenza pandemics. METHODS: A stochastic, compartmental patch model of susceptibility, exposure, infection and recovery was constructed to capture the key effects of several interventions - travel restrictions, school closure, generalized social distancing, quarantining of close contacts, treatment of cases with antivirals and prophylaxis of contacts - on the dynamics of influenza epidemics. The likely benefit and optimal timing and duration of each of these interventions were assessed using Latin-hypercube sampling techniques, averaging across many possible transmission and social mixing parameters. FINDINGS: Timely interventions could substantially alter the time-course and reduce the severity of pandemic influenza in Mongolia. In a moderate pandemic scenario, early social distancing measures decreased the mean attack rate from around 10% to 7-8%. Similarly, in a severe pandemic scenario such measures cut the mean attack rate from approximately 23% to 21%. In both moderate and severe pandemic scenarios, a suite of non-pharmaceutical interventions proved as effective as the targeted use of antivirals. Targeted antiviral campaigns generally appeared more effective in severe pandemic scenarios than in moderate pandemic scenarios. CONCLUSION: A mathematical model of pandemic influenza transmission in Mongolia indicated that, to be successful, interventions to prevent transmission must be triggered when the first cases are detected in border regions. If social distancing measures are introduced at this stage and implemented over several weeks, they may have a notable mitigating impact. In low-income regions such as Mongolia, social distancing may be more effective than the large-scale use of antivirals.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Évaluer le bénéfice probable des interventions à l'étude pour une utilisation en Mongolie lors des pandémies de grippes à venir MÉTHODES: Un modèle patch stochastique et compartimenté de la susceptibilité, de l'exposition, de l'infection et du rétablissement a été établi afin d'appréhender les effets clés de plusieurs interventions - restrictions de déplacement, fermeture d'école, éloignement social généralisé, mise en quarantaine des proches contacts, traitement des contacts par antiviraux et prophylaxies - sur les dynamiques des épidémies de grippe. Le bénéfice probable ainsi que le moment et la durée optimaux de chacune de ces interventions ont été évalués au moyen de techniques d'échantillonnage latin hypercube, en calculant la moyenne de nombreux paramètres de transmission possible et de mixité sociale. RÉSULTATS: Les interventions effectuées à temps ont permis de réduire significativement la progression et la gravité de la grippe pandémique en Mongolie. En cas de scénario pandémique modéré, des mesures précoces d'éloignement social ont diminué le taux d'attaque moyen d'environ 10% à 7-8%. De même, en cas de scénario pandémique grave, de telles mesures diminuent le taux d'attaque moyen d'environ 23% à 21%. En cas de scénario pandémique tant grave que modéré, une série d'interventions non pharmaceutiques se sont révélées aussi efficaces qu'une utilisation ciblée d'antiviraux. Les campagnes ciblées sur les antiviraux se révèlent généralement plus efficaces en cas de scénario pandémique grave qu'en cas de scénario pandémique modéré. CONCLUSION: Un modèle mathématique de la transmission de la grippe pandémique en Mongolie indique que, pour être efficaces, les interventions visant à prévenir la transmission doivent être déclenchées dès la détection des premiers cas dans les régions frontalières. Si des mesures d'éloignement social sont introduites à ce stade-là et appliquées durant plusieurs semaines, leur impact réductionnel pourra être significatif. Dans des régions à faible revenu telles que la Mongolie, l'éloignement social peut être plus efficace qu'une consommation d'antiviraux à grande échelle.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia posible de las intervenciones que están siendo estudiadas para ser aplicadas en Mongolia durante pandemias de gripe futuras. MÉTODOS: Se construyó un modelo de parche estocástico y compartimental de susceptibilidad, exposición, infección y recuperación para detectar los efectos clave de varias intervenciones (restricciones de viaje, cierre de colegios, distanciamiento social generalizado, cuarentena de contactos cercanos, tratamiento de casos con antivirales y profilaxis de los contactos) sobre la dinámica de las epidemias de gripe. Se evaluó el beneficio posible, así como la coordinación óptima y la duración de cada una de dichas intervenciones por medio de métodos de muestreo por hipercubo latino realizando un cálculo a través de numerosos parámetros posibles de transmisión y mezcla social. RESULTADOS: Las intervenciones oportunas pudieron reducir de manera considerable la evolución y gravedad de la gripe pandémica en Mongolia. En una hipótesis de pandemia moderada, las medidas tempranas de distanciamiento social disminuyeron la tasa de ataque de aproximadamente el 10% al 7-8%. De igual modo, en una hipótesis de pandemia grave, dichas medidas reducen la tasa media de ataque de aproximadamente el 23% al 21%. En ambas hipótesis de pandemia, tanto moderada como grave, las intervenciones no farmacéuticas demostraron ser tan efectivas como el uso focalizado de antivirales. Las campañas antivirales focalizadas parecieron por lo general más efectivas para las hipótesis de pandemia graves que para las hipótesis moderadas. CONCLUSIÓN: Un modelo matemático de transmisión de gripe pandémica en Mongolia indicó que, para que tengan éxito, las intervenciones para prevenir la transmisión deben ponerse en marcha en cuanto se detecten los primeros casos en regiones fronterizas. Las medidas de distanciamiento social podrían tener un impacto de mitigación notable si se introducen en esta fase y se aplican durante varias semanas En las regiones de ingresos bajos como Mongolia, el distanciamiento social podría ser más eficaz que el uso de antivirales a gran escala.

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          Most cited references19

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          Containing pandemic influenza with antiviral agents.

          I Longini (2004)
          For the first wave of pandemic influenza or a bioterrorist influenza attack, antiviral agents would be one of the few options to contain the epidemic in the United States until adequate supplies of vaccine were available. The authors use stochastic epidemic simulations to investigate the effectiveness of targeted antiviral prophylaxis to contain influenza. In this strategy, close contacts of suspected index influenza cases take antiviral agents prophylactically. The authors compare targeted antiviral prophylaxis with vaccination strategies. They model an influenza pandemic or bioterrorist attack for an agent similar to influenza A virus (H2N2) that caused the Asian influenza pandemic of 1957-1958. In the absence of intervention, the model predicts an influenza illness attack rate of 33% of the population (95% confidence interval (CI): 30, 37) and an influenza death rate of 0.58 deaths/1,000 persons (95% Cl: 0.4, 0.8). With the use of targeted antiviral prophylaxis, if 80% of the exposed persons maintained prophylaxis for up to 8 weeks, the epidemic would be contained, and the model predicts a reduction to an illness attack rate of 2% (95% Cl: 0.2, 16) and a death rate of 0.04 deaths/1,000 persons (95% CI: 0.0003, 0.25). Such antiviral prophylaxis is nearly as effective as vaccinating 80% of the population. Vaccinating 80% of the children aged less than 19 years is almost as effective as vaccinating 80% of the population. Targeted antiviral prophylaxis has potential as an effective measure for containing influenza until adequate quantities of vaccine are available.
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            Estimation of the reproductive number and the serial interval in early phase of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in the USA

            Background  The United States was the second country to have a major outbreak of novel influenza A/H1N1 in what has become a new pandemic. Appropriate public health responses to this pandemic depend in part on early estimates of key epidemiological parameters of the virus in defined populations. Methods  We use a likelihood‐based method to estimate the basic reproductive number (R 0) and serial interval using individual level U.S. data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We adjust for missing dates of illness and changes in case ascertainment. Using prior estimates for the serial interval we also estimate the reproductive number only. Results  Using the raw CDC data, we estimate the reproductive number to be between 2·2 and 2·3 and the mean of the serial interval (μ) between 2·5 and 2·6 days. After adjustment for increased case ascertainment our estimates change to 1·7 to 1·8 for R 0 and 2·2 to 2·3 days for μ. In a sensitivity analysis making use of previous estimates of the mean of the serial interval, both for this epidemic (μ = 1·91 days) and for seasonal influenza (μ = 3·6 days), we estimate the reproductive number at 1·5 to 3·1. Conclusions  With adjustments for data imperfections we obtain useful estimates of key epidemiological parameters for the current influenza H1N1 outbreak in the United States. Estimates that adjust for suspected increases in reporting suggest that substantial reductions in the spread of this epidemic may be achievable with aggressive control measures, while sensitivity analyses suggest the possibility that even such measures would have limited effect in reducing total attack rates.
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              Transmission potential of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus and its age-specificity in Japan.

              On 16 May 2009, Japan confirmed its first three cases of new influenza A(H1N1) virus infection without a history of overseas travel, and by 1 June, 361 cases, owing to indigenous secondary transmission, have been confirmed. Of these, 287 cases (79.5%) were teenagers (i.e. between 10 and 19 years of age). The reproduction number is estimated at 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 2.6). The average number of secondary transmissions involving minors (those under 20 years of age) traced back to infected minors is estimated at 2.8. That is, minors can sustain transmission even in the absence of adults. Estimates of the effective reproduction number Rt moved below 1 by 17 May. Active surveillance and public health interventions, including school closures most likely have contributed to keeping Rt below one.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                April 2012
                : 90
                : 4
                : 264-271
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Melbourne Australia
                [2 ] The World Bank Office Peoples R China
                [3 ] Ministry of Health Jamaica
                [4 ] Ministry of Health Jamaica
                Article
                S0042-96862012000400009
                10.2471/BLT.11.093419
                3324865
                22511822
                4415538d-c693-4d98-9cde-570285302d9b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
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                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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