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      Development of a longevous two-species biophotovoltaics with constrained electron flow

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          Abstract

          Microbial biophotovoltaics (BPV) offers a biological solution for renewable energy production by using photosynthetic microorganisms as light absorbers. Although abiotic engineering approaches, e.g., electrode modification and device optimization, can enhance the electrochemical communication between living cells and electrodes, the power densities of BPV are still low due to the weak exoelectrogenic activity of photosynthetic microorganisms. Here, we develop a BPV based on a d-lactate mediated microbial consortium consisting of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and exoelectrogenic Shewanella. By directing solar energy from photons to d-lactate, then to electricity, this BPV generates a power density of over 150 mW·m −2 in a temporal separation setup. Furthermore, a spatial-temporal separation setup with medium replenishment enables stable operation for over 40 days with an average power density of 135 mW·m −2. These results demonstrate the electron flow constrained microbial consortium can facilitate electron export from photosynthetic cells and achieve an efficient and durable power output.

          Abstract

          Power densities of existing microbial biophotovoltaics (BPV) are low and unendurable. Here, the authors develop a BPV based on d-lactate mediated microbial consortium, which can generate an average power density of 135 mW·m −2 for over 40 days in a spatial-temporal separation setup with medium replenishment.

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          Present and future global distributions of the marine Cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus.

          The Cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus account for a substantial fraction of marine primary production. Here, we present quantitative niche models for these lineages that assess present and future global abundances and distributions. These niche models are the result of neural network, nonparametric, and parametric analyses, and they rely on >35,000 discrete observations from all major ocean regions. The models assess cell abundance based on temperature and photosynthetically active radiation, but the individual responses to these environmental variables differ for each lineage. The models estimate global biogeographic patterns and seasonal variability of cell abundance, with maxima in the warm oligotrophic gyres of the Indian and the western Pacific Oceans and minima at higher latitudes. The annual mean global abundances of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are 2.9 ± 0.1 × 10(27) and 7.0 ± 0.3 × 10(26) cells, respectively. Using projections of sea surface temperature as a result of increased concentration of greenhouse gases at the end of the 21st century, our niche models projected increases in cell numbers of 29% and 14% for Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, respectively. The changes are geographically uneven but include an increase in area. Thus, our global niche models suggest that oceanic microbial communities will experience complex changes as a result of projected future climate conditions. Because of the high abundances and contributions to primary production of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, these changes may have large impacts on ocean ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
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            Photovoltaic materials: Present efficiencies and future challenges.

            Recent developments in photovoltaic materials have led to continual improvements in their efficiency. We review the electrical characteristics of 16 widely studied geometries of photovoltaic materials with efficiencies of 10 to 29%. Comparison of these characteristics to the fundamental limits based on the Shockley-Queisser detailed-balance model provides a basis for identifying the key limiting factors, related to efficient light management and charge carrier collection, for these materials. Prospects for practical application and large-area fabrication are discussed for each material.
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              Quantifying cellular oxidative stress by dichlorofluorescein assay using microplate reader.

              Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in various degenerative diseases in aging. In an attempt to quantify OS in a cell model, we examined OS induced by incubating for 30 min with various free radical generators in PC12 cells by using the dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay, modified for use by a fluorescent microplate reader. The nonfluorescent fluorescin derivatives (dichlorofluorescin, DCFH), after being oxidized by various oxidants, will become DCF and emit fluorescence. By quantifying the fluorescence, we were able to quantify the OS. Our results indicated that the fluorescence varied linearly with increasing concentrations (between 0.1 and 1 mM) of H2O2 and 2,2'-azobios(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH; a peroxyl radical generator). By contrast, the fluorescence varied as a nonlinear response to increasing concentrations of 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1; a peroxynitrite generator), sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a nitric oxide generator), and dopamine. Dopamine had a biphasic effect; it decreased the DCF fluorescence, thus acting as an antioxidant, at concentrations <500 microM in cells, but acted as a pro-oxidant by increasing the fluorescence at 1 mM. While SNP was not a strong pro-oxidant, SIN-1 was the most potent pro-oxidant among those tested, inducing a 70 times increase of fluorescence at a concentration of 100 microM compared with control. Collectively, due to its indiscriminate nature to various free radicals, DCF can be very useful in quantifying overall OS in cells, especially when used in conjunction with a fluorescent microplate reader. This method is reliable and efficient for evaluating the potency of pro-oxidants and can be used to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants against OS in cells.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                zhangyp@im.ac.cn
                yli@im.ac.cn
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                19 September 2019
                19 September 2019
                2019
                : 10
                : 4282
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0627 1442, GRID grid.458488.d, CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, 100101 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1797 8419, GRID grid.410726.6, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, 100049 China
                [3 ]ISNI 0000000121679639, GRID grid.59053.3a, School of Life Sciences, , University of Science and Technology of China, ; Hefei, Anhui 230027 China
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1759 700X, GRID grid.13402.34, Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, , Zhejiang University, ; Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-0596
                Article
                12190
                10.1038/s41467-019-12190-w
                6753107
                31537786
                442b65d0-b9c7-498c-a607-4f04c249c137
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 24 March 2019
                : 27 August 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: The Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ZDRW-ZS-2016-3) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31870038, 31670048, 31470231)
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                metabolic engineering,applied microbiology,solar energy
                Uncategorized
                metabolic engineering, applied microbiology, solar energy

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