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      Metacestodes of Elasmobranch Tapeworms in Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) from Central Mediterranean—SEM and Molecular Data

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          Abstract

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          Information on the role of cephalopods in the life cycle of elasmobranch tapeworms and other parasites transmitted through the food web is limited. Such knowledge is useful to gain further understanding of the biology and ecology of this group of mollusks and would inform a correct management of wild cephalopod stocks for conservation and fishery purposes. In the present work, we aimed to characterize tapeworms infecting the common octopus Octopus vulgaris, one of the most widely distributed and commercially important cephalopod species, with morphological and molecular methods. Our results suggest a possible important role of O. vulgaris in the transmission of elasmobranch tapeworms and add valuable information on the host-range and distribution of the tapeworms identified.

          Abstract

          Cephalopods are intermediate/paratenic hosts in the life cycle of elasmobranch tapeworms, nevertheless most records of infection in this group of mollusks are outdated and fragmentary. The present work aimed to investigate the cestode fauna of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris from the Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean). The parasitic stages were characterized by light and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and sequencing of 28S rDNA. Three cestode taxa were identified to the genus level: the onchoproteocephalidean Acanthobothrium sp. (prevalence 28%), the “tetraphyllidean” Anthobothrium sp. (prevalence 13%) and the trypanorhynch Nybelinia sp. (prevalence 3%). The remarkable prevalence observed for gastrointestinal cestodes highlight a possible important role of O. vulgaris in the transmission of elasmobranch tapeworms, particularly Onchoproteocephalideans. Furthermore, the present work provides, for the first time, detailed morphological (SEM) and molecular support to confirm the occurrence of Anthobothrium sp. in cephalopod hosts. In order to gain higher taxonomic resolution for the identified taxa, we stress the need to collect further morphological and molecular data of adult cestodes infecting their elasmobranch definitive hosts.

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          Most cited references49

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            Utility of complete large and small subunit rRNA genes in resolving the phylogeny of the Neodermata (Platyhelminthes): implications and a review of the cercomer theory

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              The terminology of larval cestodes or metacestodes.

              L. Chervy (2002)
              The terminology associated with the nomenclature of larval or metacestodes is reviewed as well as the various morphological and developmental characters used to define different types of larval cestodes. Based on a review of the literature, the key characters differentiating the types of larval cestodes are the presence of a primary lacuna and the invagination/retraction of the scolex. The presence of a cercomer and of a bladder-like enlargement of the larval cestode were considered to be useful secondary characteristics. Using these characters, six basic types of larval cestodes were identified: the procercoid, an alacunate form which cannot develop further until ingested by a second intermediate host; the plerocercus, an alacunate form with a retracted scolex; the plerocercoid, an alacunate form with an everted scolex; the merocercoid, an alacunate form with an invaginated scolex; the cysticercoid, a lacunate form with a retracted scolex; and the cysticercus, a lacunate form with an invaginated scolex. The diversity of larval types within the broad classifications of cysticercoid and cysticercus can be differentiated by the use of appropriate prefixes. Deficiencies in knowledge of specific types of larval cestodes are identified and further avenues of research are indicated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Animals (Basel)
                Animals (Basel)
                animals
                Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI
                MDPI
                2076-2615
                04 November 2020
                November 2020
                : 10
                : 11
                : 2038
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (B.O.), Italy; monica.caffara@ 123456unibo.it (M.C.); andrea.gustinelli2@ 123456unibo.it (A.G.); marialeti.fioravanti@ 123456unibo.it (M.L.F.)
                [2 ]Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; graziano.fiorito@ 123456szn.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: perla.tedesco@ 123456unibo.it ; Tel.: +39-0512097064
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-4278
                Article
                animals-10-02038
                10.3390/ani10112038
                7694287
                33158281
                443cd08b-e286-4ff6-9aad-f1c9dc0d34bd
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 01 October 2020
                : 30 October 2020
                Categories
                Article

                octopus,cephalopod,parasite,cestode,life cycle,sem,28s rdna,acanthobothrium,anthobothrium,nybelinia

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