Nishata Royan Rajendran Royan: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole:
Project administrationRole: Writing – original draft
Abu Bakar Sulong: Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Supervision
Nor Yuliana Yuhana: Role: Supervision
Ruey Shan Chen:
ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2713-942X
Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
Mohd Hafizuddin Ab Ghani: Role: Resources
Sahrim Ahmad: Role: Supervision
Feng Zhao: Role: Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Journal ID (pmc): plosone
Title:
PLoS ONE
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Electronic):
1932-6203
Publication date
(Electronic):
30
May
2018
Publication date Collection: 2018
Volume: 13
Issue: 5
Electronic Location Identifier: e0197345
Affiliations
[1
]
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
[2
]
School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Michigan Technological University, UNITED STATES
Author notes
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PONE-D-17-41607
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197345
PMC ID: 5976143
PubMed ID: 29847568
SO-VID: 4459725a-e75e-4560-8270-52462c33d6b1
Copyright © © 2018 Rajendran Royan et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004515, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;
Award ID: LRGS/TD/2012/USM-UKM/PT/05
Award Recipient
:
Abu Bakar Sulong
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004515, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;
Award ID: DIP-2017-001
Award Recipient
:
Abu Bakar Sulong
Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004515, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;
Award ID: DIP-2016-023
Award Recipient
:
Sahrim Ahmad
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia
for the financial support under Long Term Research Grant Scheme LRGS/TD/2012/USM-UKM/PT/05,
DIP-2017-001 and DIP-2016-023.
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Engineering and Technology
Subject:
Manufacturing Processes
Subject:
Surface Treatments
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Eukaryota
Subject:
Plants
Subject:
Grasses
Subject:
Rice
Subject:
Research and Analysis Methods
Subject:
Experimental Organism Systems
Subject:
Plant and Algal Models
Subject:
Rice
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Chemistry
Subject:
Polymer Chemistry
Subject:
Macromolecules
Subject:
Polymers
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Materials Science
Subject:
Materials by Structure
Subject:
Polymers
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Materials Science
Subject:
Materials by Structure
Subject:
Composite Materials
Subject:
Earth Sciences
Subject:
Atmospheric Science
Subject:
Atmospheric Chemistry
Subject:
Greenhouse Gases
Subject:
Ozone
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Chemistry
Subject:
Environmental Chemistry
Subject:
Atmospheric Chemistry
Subject:
Greenhouse Gases
Subject:
Ozone
Subject:
Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Subject:
Environmental Chemistry
Subject:
Atmospheric Chemistry
Subject:
Greenhouse Gases
Subject:
Ozone
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Chemistry
Subject:
Chemical Compounds
Subject:
Lignin
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Chemistry
Subject:
Chemical Compounds
Subject:
Organic Compounds
Subject:
Cellulose
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Chemistry
Subject:
Organic Chemistry
Subject:
Organic Compounds
Subject:
Cellulose
Subject:
Research and Analysis Methods
Subject:
Microscopy
Subject:
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Subject:
Atomic Force Microscopy