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      Attachment, recalled parental rearing, and ADHD symptoms predict emotion processing and alexithymia in adults with ADHD

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          Abstract

          Background

          The aim of the aricle is to study the relationship between attachment, parental rearing behavior, and (infant and current) ADHD symptoms with emotion processing and alexithymia in adults with ADHD.

          Methods

          Attachment, parental behavior, and ADHD variables were tested for predictive value regarding emotion processing and alexithymia in the total sample, the pooled ADHD groups (with inattentive type and combined type, each with n = 26) and a control group ( n = 26). Comparisons were performed between the pooled ADHD groups and the control group, and between the ADHD subtype groups regarding all emotion processing and alexithymia, and attachment-related measures.

          Results

          Emotion processing/alexithymia parameters were mainly predicted by early or current attachment-related features, and, to a lesser extent, by childhood or current ADHD symptoms, primarily in the ADHD groups.

          Conclusions

          The findings suggest partly specific and possibly causal relationships between attachment-related features and current emotion processing/alexithymia in adults with ADHD. The results confirm the necessity for further study of the multiple interactions between infant and parental ADHD symptoms, aversive parenting, and attachment with respect to emotional functioning in adult ADHD.

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          Most cited references31

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          Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

          Philip Shaw, Argyris Stringaris, Joel T. Nigg … (2014)
          Although it has long been recognized that many individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also have difficulties with emotion regulation, no consensus has been reached on how to conceptualize this clinically challenging domain. The authors examine the current literature using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Three key findings emerge. First, emotion dysregulation is prevalent in ADHD throughout the lifespan and is a major contributor to impairment. Second, emotion dysregulation in ADHD may arise from deficits in orienting toward, recognizing, and/or allocating attention to emotional stimuli; these deficits implicate dysfunction within a striato-amygdalo-medial prefrontal cortical network. Third, while current treatments for ADHD often also ameliorate emotion dysregulation, a focus on this combination of symptoms reframes clinical questions and could stimulate novel therapeutic approaches. The authors then consider three models to explain the overlap between emotion dysregulation and ADHD: emotion dysregulation and ADHD are correlated but distinct dimensions; emotion dysregulation is a core diagnostic feature of ADHD; and the combination constitutes a nosological entity distinct from both ADHD and emotion dysregulation alone. The differing predictions from each model can guide research on the much-neglected population of patients with ADHD and emotion dysregulation.
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            [Wender Utah rating scale. The short-version for the assessment of the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults].

            P Retz-Junginger, W Retz, D Blocher … (2002)
            This work presents a statistical analysis of the German version of the Wender Utah rating scale (WURS) for the retrospective diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Data were obtained from 703 subjects. Item selection according to item-total correlation scores, frequency, and plausibility led to a short version of the scale that includes 21 items with item-total correlations from 0.19 to 0.61. Retest reliability of the WURS-k was r=0.9.
            Article 0 comments Cited 89 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              [Tools for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Self-rating behaviour questionnaire and diagnostic checklist].

              M Rösler, W Retz, P Retz-Junginger … (2004)
              We report on the development of a German self-rating behaviour questionnaire (ADHD-SR) and diagnostic checklist (ADHD-DC) for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults according to DSM IV and ICD 10 research criteria. When comparing self-rating with expert rating, we found good concordance measured by intraclass coefficients on the level of single symptoms and syndrome scores. High retest reliability of the ADHD-SR demonstrated the ability to assess time-stable behaviour traits. Evaluation of the psychometric properties revealed good internal consistency and adequate convergent and divergent validity measured by the "big five" derived from the NEO-FFI and the constructs impulsivity, venturesomeness, and empathy of Eysenck's impulsiveness questionnaire. We detected a remarkable correlation with the Wender Utah Rating Scale, which targets the detection of childhood ADHD symptoms. Diagnostic sensitivity for different cutoff points was calculated by ROC analysis at 65--88%. Specificity was 67% to 92%.
              Article 0 comments Cited 78 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Marc-Andreas Edel: +49-234-5077-1132 , marc-andreas.edel@rub.de
                Susanne Edel: susanne.edel@arcor.de
                Marie Krüger: marie.ca.krueger@googlemail.com
                Hans-Jörg Assion: hans-joerg.assion@wkp-lwl.org
                Georg Juckel: g.juckel@wkp-lwl.org
                Martin Brüne: martin.bruene@rub.de
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ann Gen Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ann Gen Psychiatry
                Title: Annals of General Psychiatry
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1744-859X
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 December 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 2 December 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 43
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 1-3, 44791 Bochum, Germany
                [ ]Psychiatry Clinic, LWL Hospital Dortmund, Marsbruchstr. 179, 44287 Dortmund, Germany
                [ ]Psychiatry Clinic, St. Marien Hospital Eickel, Marienstr. 2, 44651 Herne, Germany
                Article
                Publisher ID: 82
                DOI: 10.1186/s12991-015-0082-y
                PMC ID: 4667529
                PubMed ID: 26633990
                SO-VID: 44746f4f-d1a4-4ce2-9284-a09be1796f20
                Copyright © © Edel et al. 2015
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 13 March 2015
                Date accepted : 23 November 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Primary Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2015

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: adhd,adults,emotion processing,alexithymia,attachment,recalled parental rearing behavior
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: adhd, adults, emotion processing, alexithymia, attachment, recalled parental rearing behavior

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