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      Sobre la asociación entre el dimorfismo sexual en estatura y el estado nutricional de hombres y mujeres en el largo plazo Translated title: On the association between stature sexual dimorphism and the nutritional status of men and women in the long run

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: las variaciones generacionales en estatura son un proxy aceptado de las condiciones de vida, y específicamente del estado nutricional de una población, pero existe un debate sobre el significado de las variaciones del dimorfismo sexual a lo largo del tiempo Objetivos: testar la asociación entre el estado nutricional y los cambios en los diferenciales de estaturas entre hombres y mujeres (dimorfismo sexual) en el largo plazo (siglos XIX y XX). Métodos: se utilizan tres fuentes de datos (estaturas medidas adultas): - Datos contenidos en trabajos previos. - Datos de encuestas de salud en países de la OCDE. - Datos procedentes del proyecto NCD RisC Factor Collaboration. Se analizan dos indicadores: dimorfismo absoluto (diferencia entre estatura masculina y femenina) y ratio de dimorfismo (estatura masculina dividida entre estatura femenina). Resultados: durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX se evidencia una tendencia de aumento intergeneracional del dimorfismo coincidiendo con la mejora sustancial de los factores ambientales que intervienen en el estado nutricional neto de la población. Entre las cohortes nacidas a finales del siglo XX en ambientes no marginales, el dimorfismo medio hallado es de 13,69 cm (absoluto) y de 1,084 (ratio). En comparación con estos valores, los hallados en el siglo XIX son anormalmente bajos, particularmente durante ciclos de deterioro de las condiciones de vida. Conclusiones: adecuadamente referenciado, el dimorfismo sexual puede informar sobre sobre contextos de estrés ambiental y su impacto en el estado nutricional, así como sobre los diferenciales entre segmentos específicos de la población, tanto desde una perspectiva transversal como diacrónica.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: height variations across cohorts are a proxy of the evolution of living conditions and, specifically, of the nutritional status of a given population. However, the interpretation of the changes in stature sexual dimorphism are controversial. Objective: to test the association between nutritional status and the changes in height differentials between men and women (sexual dimorphism) in the long run (19th and 20th centuries). Methods: three data sources containing measured adult heights are used, namely: - Data from previous works. - Data from health examination surveys in OECD countries. - Data from the NCD RisC Factor Collaboration project. Two indicators are analyzed: absolute sexual dimorphism (men's height minus women's height) and the ratio of sexual dimorphism (men's height divided by women's height). Results: a secular trend of sexual dimorphism is evidenced over the second half of the 20th century coinciding with the substantial improvement of environmental factors that determine the net nutritional status. Among cohorts born at the end of the 20th century in non-marginal environments, the average sexual dimorphism was found to be 13.69 cm -absolute- and 1.084 -ratio-. In comparison with these modern figures of sexual dimorphism, those found among cohorts born during the 19th century are abnormally low, especially during periods of worsening of living conditions. Conclusions: if properly addressed, sexual dimorphism has the ability to report on the degree of environmental stress and its impact on the nutritional status and its differentials across specific groups of the population both cross-sectionally and over time.

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          Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio-economic groups: an overview of 10 European countries.

          This paper aims to provide an overview of variations in average height between 10 European countries, and between socio-economic groups within these countries. Data on self-reported height of men and women aged 20-74 years were obtained from national health, level of living or multipurpose surveys for 1987-1994. Regression analyses were used to estimate height differences between educational groups and to evaluate whether the differences in average height between countries and between educational groups were smaller among younger than among older birth cohorts. Men and women were on average tallest in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands and shortest in France, Italy and Spain (range for men: 170-179 cm; range for women: 160-167 cm). The differences in average height between northern and southern European countries were not smaller among younger than among older birth cohorts. In most countries average height increased linearly with increasing birth-year (approximately 0.7-0.8 cm/5 years for men and approximately 0.4 cm/5 years for women). In all countries, lower educated men and women on average were shorter than higher educated men (range of differences: 1.6-3.0 cm) and women (range of differences: 1.2-2.2 cm). In most countries, education-related height differences were not smaller among younger than among older birth cohorts. The persistence of international differences in average height into the youngest birth cohorts indicates a high degree of continuity of differences between countries in childhood living conditions. Similarly, the persistence of education-related height differences indicates continuity of socio-economic differences in childhood living conditions, and also suggests that socio-economic differences in childhood living conditions will continue to contribute to socio-economic differences in health at adult ages.
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            Heights of Men and Women in 19th-Century Bavaria: Economic, Nutritional, and Disease Influences

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              Decline in age at menarche among Spanish women born from 1925 to 1962

              Background While the timing of reproductive events varies across populations, a downward trend in age at menarche has nevertheless been reported in most of the developed world over the past century. Given the impact of change in age at menarche on health conditions, this study sought to examine secular trends in age at menarche among women living in Navarre (Northern Spain) who participated in a population-based breast cancer screening programme. Methods The study was based on 110545 women born from 1925 to 1962. Trends were tested using a linear regression model, in which year of birth was entered continuously as the predictor and age at menarche (years) as the response variable, using size of town and region of birth as covariates. Results Among women born in Navarre between 1925 and 1962, age at menarche declined steadily from an average of 13.72 years in the 1925-1929 birth-cohorts to 12.83 years in the 1958-1962 birth-cohorts. Controlling for size of town or city of birth, age at menarche declined by an average of 0.132 years every 5 years over the period 1925-1962. This decline was greater in women born in rural versus urban settings. Trends were also different among regions of birth. Conclusion We report a population-based study showing a downward trend in age of onset of menarche among Spanish women born in the period 1925-1962, something that is more pronounced among women born in rural settings and varies geographically.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2018
                : 35
                : spe5
                : 123-128
                Affiliations
                [1] Jaén Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Jaén orgdiv1Departamento de Organización de Empresas, Marketing y Sociología Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112018001100017 S0212-1611(18)03500500017
                10.20960/nh.2094
                44881d85-1d3d-49e8-8925-fbea61574ba3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 6
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                SciELO Spain

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                Dimorfismo sexual,Gender inequality,Adult height,Sexual dimorphism,Nutritional status,Desigualdad de género,Estatura adulta,Estado nutricional

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