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      Seasonal polyphenism of spotted‐wing Drosophila is affected by variation in local abiotic conditions within its invaded range, likely influencing survival and regional population dynamics

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          Abstract

          1. Overwintering Drosophila often display adaptive phenotypic differences beneficial for survival at low temperatures. However, it is unclear which morphological traits are the best estimators of abiotic conditions, how those traits are correlated with functional outcomes in cold tolerance, and whether there are regional differences in trait expression.

          2. We used a combination of controlled laboratory assays, and collaborative field collections of invasive Drosophila suzukii in different areas of the United States, to study the factors affecting phenotype variability of this temperate fruit pest now found globally.

          3. Laboratory studies demonstrated that winter morph (WM) trait expression is continuous within the developmental temperature niche of this species (10–25°C) and that wing length and abdominal melanization are the best predictors of the larval abiotic environment.

          4. However, the duration and timing of cold exposure also produced significant variation in development time, morphology, and survival at cold temperatures. During a stress test assay conducted at −5°C, although cold tolerance was greater among WM flies, long‐term exposure to cold temperatures as adults significantly improved summer morph (SM) survival, indicating that these traits are not controlled by a single mechanism.

          5. Among wild D. suzukii populations, we found that regional variation in abiotic conditions differentially affects the expression of morphological traits, although further research is needed to determine whether these differences are genetic or environmental in origin and whether thermal susceptibility thresholds differ among populations within its invaded range.

          Abstract

          We explored how seasonal traits are correlated with functional outcomes in cold tolerance in D. suzukii, and whether there are regional differences in trait expression. While wing length and abdominal melanization were the best predictors of the larval abiotic environment, the duration and timing of cold exposure also produced significant physiological variation. Because we observed morphotype variation among wild D. suzukii populations, in different regions of the Eastern United States, a population‐centered research and modeling approach may be required to assign morphotype labels and predict overwintering survival outcomes.

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          Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species.

          When individuals of two species interact, they can adjust their phenotypes in response to their respective partner, be they antagonists or mutualists. The reciprocal phenotypic change between individuals of interacting species can reflect an evolutionary response to spatial and temporal variation in species interactions and ecologically result in the structuring of food chains. The evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity has led to the success of organisms in novel habitats, and potentially contributes to genetic differentiation and speciation. Taken together, phenotypic responses in species interactions represent modifications that can lead to reciprocal change in ecological time, altered community patterns, and expanded evolutionary potential of species.
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            Phenotypic Plasticity and the Origins of Diversity

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              Phenotypic plasticity's impacts on diversification and speciation.

              Phenotypic plasticity (the ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes in response to variation in the environment) is commonplace. Yet its evolutionary significance remains controversial, especially in regard to whether and how it impacts diversification and speciation. Here, we review recent theory on how plasticity promotes: (i) the origin of novel phenotypes, (ii) divergence among populations and species, (iii) the formation of new species and (iv) adaptive radiation. We also discuss the latest empirical support for each of these evolutionary pathways to diversification and identify potentially profitable areas for future research. Generally, phenotypic plasticity can play a largely underappreciated role in driving diversification and speciation. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                dara.stockton@cornell.edu
                Journal
                Ecol Evol
                Ecol Evol
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7758
                ECE3
                Ecology and Evolution
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7758
                24 June 2020
                July 2020
                : 10
                : 14 ( doiID: 10.1002/ece3.v10.14 )
                : 7669-7685
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Entomology Cornell AgriTech Cornell University Geneva New York USA
                [ 2 ] University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension Durham New Hampshire USA
                [ 3 ] Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Lake Alfred Florida USA
                [ 4 ] Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
                [ 5 ] Department of Entomology The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
                [ 6 ] Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
                [ 7 ] Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
                [ 8 ] School of Biology and Ecology University of Maine Orono Maine USA
                [ 9 ] Cooperative Extension University of Maine Orono Maine USA
                [ 10 ] Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Dara G. Stockton, Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456.

                Email: dara.stockton@ 123456cornell.edu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2522-9026
                Article
                ECE36491
                10.1002/ece3.6491
                7391339
                32760556
                448b21a1-321a-49fe-beac-8346b716c492
                © 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 April 2020
                : 20 May 2020
                : 21 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 4, Pages: 17, Words: 13925
                Funding
                Funded by: United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute for Food and Agriculture, Speciality crops research initiative (SCRI)
                Award ID: 2015‐51181‐24252
                Categories
                Original Research
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                July 2020
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.6 mode:remove_FC converted:30.07.2020

                Evolutionary Biology
                cold tolerance,drosophila,overwintering,phenotypic plasticity,polymorphism,swd,winter morph

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