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      Construcción de un balance de nitrógeno en cultivos de papa bajo rotación con largo descanso Translated title: Building nitrogen balance in post-fallow potato crops

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          Abstract

          En el Altiplano boliviano, el pequeño productor busca asegurar su cultivo de papa a pesar del clima sin gastar en insumos químicos. Tratamos con un balance de nitrógeno en planta dos preguntas del proyecto TROPANDES: ¿Cómo el cultivo de papa valoriza la ganancia de nitrógeno que resulta del descanso del suelo y qué fracción de este nitrógeno queda para un otro cultivo de papa? Analizamos después de tres a cinco años de descanso, la sucesión papa-papa (papa dulce: Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena y papa amarga: Solanum x Juzepczukii) en tres sitios del Altiplano central boliviano, durante dos ciclos 1998-2000. Se cultiva como el campesino, fertilizando con estiércol seco de ovino, incorporando al suelo los residuos de cultivo, pero con una prevención de plagas y enfermedades. La biomasa de hojas, tallos, raíces y tubérculos y su contenido en nitrógeno total fueron evaluados en la cosecha y el nitrógeno mineral del suelo, en la siembra y en la cosecha. Quedan establecidas las modalidades del cálculo del balance de nitrógeno en el cultivo de papa. La disponibilidad de nitrógeno a partir del estiércol es significativa solo en el segundo año y a partir de los residuos de papa es muy reducida. Las necesidades de la papa son muy bajas en comparación al stock de nitrógeno en el suelo. La variabilidad inter-anual de los rendimientos es alta y debida mayormente al clima. El balance de nitrógeno en el cultivo y en el suelo fue deficitario al final del primer ciclo y excedentario para todos los tratamientos al final del segundo. Este balance estático deduce de las exportaciones netas del cultivo lo que el suelo debe proveer. Para evaluar la disponibilidad de formas de nitrógeno asimilables por los cultivos, en sus épocas de mayor demanda, convendría realizar un análisis de flujos.

          Translated abstract

          In the Bolivian Altiplano the small farmer aims to insure his production against climatic risks without costly chemical inputs. We exposed two questions studied in the European project TROPANDES: how to mobilize in the potato crop the soil nitrogen improvement due to fallowing and what fraction of this stock is still available for a second potato crop? The effect of fallowing on potato yields and of potato crop on its next yield are evaluated with a plant and soil nitrogen balance. Potato-potato rotation (with potato Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena and bitter potato Solanum x Juzepczukii) after 3 to 5 years fallowing, is evaluated in three sites near the Patacamaya experimental station during 1998-99 and 1999-2000. The plots with low initial soil nitrogen were managed according to the peasant practices, applying ovine dung at potato planting and incorporating crop residues to soil. Treatments against pests and diseases were performed if necessary. Potato leaf, stem, root and tuber biomass, and total nitrogen of each compartment, were measured at harvest time; soil mineral nitrogen was measured at planting and harvesting. The basis for nitrogen balance calculation was defined in potato crops. Nitrogen availability from dung was significant only during the second year. Nitrogen availability from potato residues is very low. Potato needs are very low relatively to the total soil nitrogen. Yield variability is high, mainly due to climate. The crop and soil nitrogen balance was negative at the end of the first potato crop and positive in all treatments at the end of the second potato harvest. This static balance deduces from crop net exportation, the soil N contribution. To analyse the dynamic availability of nitrogen and its synchronisation with the plant requirements, flux analysis is needed.

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          Most cited references38

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          Sectoral Fallow Systems and the Management of Soil Fertility: The Rationality of Indigenous Knowledge in the High Andes of Bolivia

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            Ecological Bases, Sustainability, and Current Trends in Traditional Agriculture in the Venezuelan High Andes

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              A quantitative and constraint-specific method to assess the potential impact of new agricultural technology: the case of frost resistant potato for the Altiplano (Peru and Bolivia)

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                reb
                Ecología en Bolivia
                Ecología en Bolivia
                Plural Editores (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                1605-2528
                2075-5023
                December 2006
                : 41
                : 3
                : 133-153
                Affiliations
                [02] La Paz orgnameIRD Bolivia
                [01] orgnameInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD
                [03] Montpellier Cedex 5 orgnameCNRS Francia
                Article
                S1605-25282006001200010
                44ebca29-5b7c-4682-b48a-b8eeac361e0a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 21
                Product

                SciELO Bolivia


                Descanso,Balance de nitrógeno,Papa,Estiércol ovino,Altiplano boliviano,Fallow,Nitrogen balance,Potato,Ovine dung,Bolivian high plateau

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