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      Scanning Electron Microscopy Findings With Energy-Dispersive X-ray Investigations of Cosmetically Tinted Contact Lenses

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          Objective:

          To investigate the surfaces and principal elements of the colorants of cosmetically tinted contact lenses (Cos-CLs).

          Methods:

          We analyzed the surfaces and principal elements of the colorants of five commercially available Cos-CLs using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis.

          Results:

          In two Cos-CLs, the anterior and posterior surfaces were smooth, and colorants were found inside the lens. One lens showed colorants located to a depth of 8 to 14 μm from the anterior side of the lens. In the other lens, colorants were found in the most superficial layer on the posterior surface, although a coated layer was observed. The colorants in the other three lenses were deposited on either lens surface. Although a print pattern was uniform in embedded type lenses, uneven patterns were apparent in dot-matrix design lenses. Colorants used in all lenses contained chlorine, iron, and titanium. In the magnified scanning electron microscopy images of a certain lens, chlorine is exuded and spread.

          Conclusions:

          Cosmetically tinted contact lenses have a wide variety of lens surfaces and colorants. Colorants may be deposited on the lens surface and consist of an element that has tissue toxicity.

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          Most cited references19

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          Risk factors for microbial keratitis with contemporary contact lenses: a case-control study.

          To assess the relative risks (RR) of microbial keratitis (MK) for contemporary contact lens (CL) types and wearing schedules. A 2-year prospective case-control study begun in December 2003. Cases were 367 CL wearers attending Moorfields Eye Hospital with proven or presumed MK. Controls were 1069 hospital controls, who were CL wearers with a disorder unrelated to CL wear, and 639 population-based controls who were CL wearers randomly selected from the Moorfields catchment area. Hospital patients completed a self-administered questionnaire; population-based controls were interviewed by telephone. Multivariate analysis was done both for all cases of MK, and for the moderate and severe MK subgroups alone. The RR for developing MK, and vision loss, for all lens types compared with planned replacement soft lenses (the referent). Compared with planned replacement soft lenses (the referent), the RR of MK was significantly increased with daily disposable (DD) CLs (RR, 1.56x [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-2.1]; P = 0.009) and differed between different brands of DD lens, was reduced for rigid lenses (RR, 0.16x [95% CI, 0.06-0.4]; P or=20/40. The RR for overnight wear, for any lens type, was 5.4 times higher (95% CI, 3.3-10.9; P<0.001). Comparison of the DD soft CL types with planned replacement soft lenses (the referent), showed significant differences between brands for the risk of MK. The risk of MK has not been reduced in users of DD and silicone hydrogel CLs. However, vision loss is less likely to occur in DD than in reusable soft CL users. Different brands of CL may be associated with significantly different risks of keratitis; understanding these differences should lead to the development of safer soft lenses. These findings suggest that lens/ocular surface interactions may be more important in the development of corneal infection than oxygen levels and CL case contamination.
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            Molecular bases of cellular iron toxicity.

            Patients with hereditary or secondary hemochromatosis are liable to cardiac and hepatic failure, and type II diabetes. Despite the highly likely conjecture that iron-mediated tissue damage involves the conspiracy of cellular oxidizing and reducing equivalents, the pathophysiologic events have not been fully elucidated. These latter likely involve toxic effects of iron on intracellular organelles, in particular, mitochondria and lysosomes. The tissues at risk-heart, liver, and pancreatic beta cells-all have highly active mitochondria, which incidentally generate activated oxygen species capable of causing synergistic toxicity with intracellular iron. This suggests the general concept that iron may be preferentially toxic to cells with high mitochondrial activity. At least part of the long-term toxicity may involve iron-mediated oxidative damage to the mitochondrial genome with an accumulation of mutational events leading to progressive mitochondrial dysfunction. An alternative-and not mutually exclusive-mechanism for cellular iron toxicity involves iron-catalyzed oxidative destabilization of lysosomes, leading to leak of digestive enzymes into the cell cytoplasm and eventuating in apoptotic or necrotic cell death.
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              Molecular bases of cellular iron toxicity12 1Guest Editor: Mario Comporti 2This article is part of a series of reviews on “Iron and Cellular Redox Status.” The full list of papers may be found on the homepage of the journal.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eye Contact Lens
                Eye Contact Lens
                ecl
                Eye & Contact Lens
                Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice
                1542-2321
                1542-233X
                September 2015
                03 September 2015
                : 41
                : 5
                : 291-296
                Affiliations
                Department of Ophthalmology (F.H., H.E., T.M., S.M.-A., Y.M.), Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; and Division of Chemistry (S.I.), Institute of Socio-Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Hiorshi Eguchi, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima-shi 770-8503, Japan; e-mail: hiroegu0113@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                ECL-14-985 00009
                10.1097/ICL.0000000000000122
                4561626
                25799458
                45165027-26c5-46a9-83b7-56098df56cfc
                © 2015 Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.

                History
                : 27 October 2014
                Categories
                Article
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                cosmetically tinted contact lens,scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive x-ray analysis,colorant,elemental analysis

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