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      A new genus and species of foliicolous lichen in a new family of Strigulales ( Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes) reveals remarkable class-level homoplasy

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          Abstract

          Phylogenetic analysis of some foliicolous lichens collected in Hainan Province, China, revealed a new lineage morphologically similar to Porina but phylogenetically related to Strigulaceae ( Dothideomycetes), differing from the latter in ascus type. The monospecific genus Tenuitholiascus gen. nov. is introduced for the single species, T. porinoides sp. nov., which is placed in the new, monogeneric family Tenuitholiascaceae, sister to Strigulaceae in Strigulales. The new taxon closely resembles the genus Porina in external morphology and ascospore type, as well as the thin-walled asci and unbranched paraphyses. Yet, it is entirely unrelated to the latter, which belongs in class Lecanoromycetes in the order Gyalectales.

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          AMPLIFICATION AND DIRECT SEQUENCING OF FUNGAL RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES FOR PHYLOGENETICS

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            The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota – Approaching one thousand genera

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              A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families.

              The Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized Fungi, and one of the most species-rich classes in the kingdom. Here we provide a multigene phylogenetic synthesis (using three ribosomal RNA-coding and two protein-coding genes) of the Lecanoromycetes based on 642 newly generated and 3329 publicly available sequences representing 1139 taxa, 317 genera, 66 families, 17 orders and five subclasses (four currently recognized: Acarosporomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, Ostropomycetidae, Umbilicariomycetidae; and one provisionarily recognized, 'Candelariomycetidae'). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses on four multigene datasets assembled using a cumulative supermatrix approach with a progressively higher number of species and missing data (5-gene, 5+4-gene, 5+4+3-gene and 5+4+3+2-gene datasets) show that the current classification includes non-monophyletic taxa at various ranks, which need to be recircumscribed and require revisionary treatments based on denser taxon sampling and more loci. Two newly circumscribed orders (Arctomiales and Hymeneliales in the Ostropomycetidae) and three families (Ramboldiaceae and Psilolechiaceae in the Lecanorales, and Strangosporaceae in the Lecanoromycetes inc. sed.) are introduced. The potential resurrection of the families Eigleraceae and Lopadiaceae is considered here to alleviate phylogenetic and classification disparities. An overview of the photobionts associated with the main fungal lineages in the Lecanoromycetes based on available published records is provided. A revised schematic classification at the family level in the phylogenetic context of widely accepted and newly revealed relationships across Lecanoromycetes is included. The cumulative addition of taxa with an increasing amount of missing data (i.e., a cumulative supermatrix approach, starting with taxa for which sequences were available for all five targeted genes and ending with the addition of taxa for which only two genes have been sequenced) revealed relatively stable relationships for many families and orders. However, the increasing number of taxa without the addition of more loci also resulted in an expected substantial loss of phylogenetic resolving power and support (especially for deep phylogenetic relationships), potentially including the misplacements of several taxa. Future phylogenetic analyses should include additional single copy protein-coding markers in order to improve the tree of the Lecanoromycetes. As part of this study, a new module ("Hypha") of the freely available Mesquite software was developed to compare and display the internodal support values derived from this cumulative supermatrix approach.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                weijc@im.ac.cn
                Journal
                IMA Fungus
                IMA Fungus
                IMA Fungus
                BioMed Central (London )
                2210-6340
                2210-6359
                5 February 2020
                5 February 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0627 1442, GRID grid.458488.d, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2270 9879, GRID grid.35937.3b, Department of Life Sciences, , The Natural History Museum, ; Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2097 4353, GRID grid.4903.e, Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, ; Kew, Surrey, TW9 3DS UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9888 756X, GRID grid.464353.3, Jilin Agricultural University, ; Changchun, 130118 Jilin Province China
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9116 4836, GRID grid.14095.39, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, , Freie Universität Berlin, ; Königin-Luise-Straße 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1797 8419, GRID grid.410726.6, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, China
                Article
                26
                10.1186/s43008-019-0026-2
                7325298
                32617253
                452825b1-a46a-46b3-bf17-ba9cdc288a2e
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 8 August 2019
                : 20 December 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 31750001
                Award ID: 31800010
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Plant science & Botany
                phylloblastia,phyllocratera,phylloporis
                Plant science & Botany
                phylloblastia, phyllocratera, phylloporis

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