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      Molecular Detection and Characterization of Zoonotic and Veterinary Pathogens in Ticks from Northeastern China

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          Abstract

          Tick-borne diseases are considered as emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals in China. In this study, Ixodes persulcatus ( n = 1699), Haemaphysalis concinna ( n = 412), Haemaphysalis longicornis ( n = 390), Dermacentor nuttalli ( n = 253), and Dermacentor silvarum ( n = 204) ticks were collected by flagging from northeastern China, and detected for infection with Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Babesia, and Hepatozoon spp. by using nested polymerase chain reaction assays and sequencing analysis. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in all tick species, i.e., I. persulcatus (9.4%), H. longicornis (1.9%), H. concinna (6.5%), D. nuttalli (1.7%), and D. silvarum (2.3%); Anaplasma bovis was detected in H. longicornis (0.3%) and H. concinna (0.2%); Ehrlichia muris was detected in I. persulcatus (2.5%) and H. concinna (0.2%); Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis was only detected in I. persulcatus (0.4%). The Ehrlichia variant (GenBank access number KU921424), closely related to Ehrlichia ewingii, was found in H. longicornis (0.8%) and H. concinna (0.2%). I. persulcatus was infected with Babesia venatorum (1.2%), Babesia microti (0.6%), and Babesia divergens (0.6%). Additionally, four Babesia sequence variants (GenBank access numbers 862303–862306) were detected in I. persulcatus, H. longicornis, and H. concinna, which belonged to the clusters formed by the parasites of dogs, sheep, and cattle ( B. gibsoni, B. motasi, and B. crassa). Two Hepatozoon spp. (GenBank access numbers KX016028 and KX016029) associated with hepatozoonosis in Japanese martens were found in the collected ticks (0.1–3.1%). These findings showed the genetic variability of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Babesia, and Hepatozoon spp. circulating in ticks in northeastern China, highlighting the necessity for further research of these tick-associated pathogens and their role in human and animal diseases.

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          Most cited references57

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          Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.

          Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne diseases caused by various members of the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma (Anaplasmataceae). Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis has become one of the most prevalent life-threatening tick-borne disease in the United States. Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are becoming more frequently diagnosed as the cause of human infections, as animal reservoirs and tick vectors have increased in number and humans have inhabited areas where reservoir and tick populations are high. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME), is an emerging zoonosis that causes clinical manifestations ranging from a mild febrile illness to a fulminant disease characterized by multiorgan system failure. Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis (HGA), previously known as human granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of ehrlichial diseases related to microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, immunity, and treatment of the 2 prevalent tick-borne diseases found in the United States, HME and HGA. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Emerging tick-borne infections in mainland China: an increasing public health threat

            Summary Since the beginning of the 1980s, 33 emerging tick-borne agents have been identified in mainland China, including eight species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, seven species in the family Anaplasmataceae, six genospecies in the complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, 11 species of Babesia, and the virus causing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. In this Review we have mapped the geographical distributions of human cases of infection. 15 of the 33 emerging tick-borne agents have been reported to cause human disease, and their clinical characteristics have been described. The non-specific clinical manifestations caused by tick-borne pathogens present a major diagnostic challenge and most physicians are unfamiliar with the many tick-borne diseases that present with non-specific symptoms in the early stages of the illness. Advances in and application of modern molecular techniques should help with identification of emerging tick-borne pathogens and improve laboratory diagnosis of human infections. We expect that more novel tick-borne infections in ticks and animals will be identified and additional emerging tick-borne diseases in human beings will be discovered.
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              The genus Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleina).

              Hemogregarines of the genus Hepatozoon are intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites that have been described from all groups of tetrapod vertebrates. Gametogenesis, fertilization, and sporogonic development, which culminates in the formation of polysporocystic oocysts, occur in the gut or hemocoel of a hematophagous arthropod definitive host. Merogonic development occurs in the internal organs of vertebrate hosts after they ingest these infected arthropods. The presence of cystic stages, observed for many Hepatozoon species, increases life cycle complexity and exploits the feeding behavior of vertebrate hosts. The inconsistency of morphological characteristics of these parasites, especially those associated with gamont structure, coupled with low host specificity of the parasites for their invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, have rendered species differentiation difficult. A systematic review of the hemogregarine complex has resulted in the expansion of the genus Hepatozoon to include all members of the genus Haemogregarina that infect amphibians, snakes, lizards, crocodilians, birds, and mammals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                29 November 2016
                2016
                : 7
                : 1913
                Affiliations
                [1] 1College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University Changchun, China
                [2] 2Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute – Academy of Military Medical Sciences Changchun, China
                [3] 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, China
                [4] 4Department of Pathology, The Second Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Inner Mongolia General Forestry Hospital Yakeshi, China
                [5] 5Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Diseases of Chongqing Chongqing, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Bang Shen, Huazhong Agricultural University, China

                Reviewed by: Haiqi He, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USA; Anja Joachim, Vetmeduni Vienna, Austria; Jianxun Luo, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute – Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China

                This article was submitted to Infectious Diseases, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2016.01913
                5126052
                27965644
                4532bb38-beb1-4534-a7d1-975ea63c8575
                Copyright © 2016 Wei, Song, Liu, Wang, Wang, Wang, Ma, Li, Zeng, Qian and Liu.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 18 September 2016
                : 15 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 59, Pages: 11, Words: 0
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research

                Microbiology & Virology
                tick-borne diseases,anaplasma,ehrlichia,babesia,hepatozoon,northeastern china
                Microbiology & Virology
                tick-borne diseases, anaplasma, ehrlichia, babesia, hepatozoon, northeastern china

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