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      Scalable Route to the Fabrication of CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Perovskite Thin Films by Electrodeposition and Vapor Conversion

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      ACS Omega
      American Chemical Society

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          Abstract

          Hybrid halide perovskite thin films are applicable in a wide range of devices such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and photodetectors. The optoelectronic properties of perovskites together with their simple and inexpensive film deposition methods make these materials a viable alternative to established materials in these devices. However, the potential of perovskite materials is compromised by the limitations of the existing deposition methods, which suffer from trade-off among suitability for large-scale industrial production in a batch or roll-to-roll manner, deposition area, film quality, and costs. We addressed these limitations by developing a deposition method that is inexpensive, applicable to large substrate areas, scalable, and yields high-quality perovskite films. In this study, the low-cost electrodeposition (ED) method and sequential exposure to reagent vapors produce CH 3NH 3PbI 3 perovskite films with thickness nonuniformity below 9% on a centimeter scale. PbO 2 films are electrodeposited first and then undergo two vapor conversion steps, with HI vapor in the first step and CH 3NH 3I vapor in the second step. The second step yields CH 3NH 3PbI 3 films that are continuous and consist of micrometer-sized grains. This process allows the preparation of both α- and β-phase CH 3NH 3PbI 3 films, offers a simple means to control the film thickness, and works over a wide range of film thicknesses. In this work, films with thicknesses ranging from 100 nm to 10 μm were prepared. ED and vapor conversion are inherently scalable techniques and hence the process described herein could benefit application areas in which large device areas and throughput are required, such as the production of solar cells.

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          Highly Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells with Average Efficiency of 18.3% and Best Efficiency of 19.7% Fabricated via Lewis Base Adduct of Lead(II) Iodide.

          High efficiency perovskite solar cells were fabricated reproducibly via Lewis base adduct of lead(II) iodide. PbI2 was dissolved in N,N-dimethyformamide with equimolar N,N-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and CH3NH3I. Stretching vibration of S═O appeared at 1045 cm(-1) for bare DMSO, which was shifted to 1020 and 1015 cm(-1) upon reacting DMSO with PbI2 and PbI2 + CH3NH3I, respectively, indicative of forming the adduct of PbI2·DMSO and CH3NH3I·PbI2·DMSO due to interaction between Lewis base DMSO and/or iodide (I(-)) and Lewis acid PbI2. Spin-coating of a DMF solution containing PbI2, CH3NH3I, and DMSO (1:1:1 mol %) formed a transparent adduct film, which was converted to a dark brown film upon heating at low temperature of 65 °C for 1 min due to removal of the volatile DMSO from the adduct. The adduct-induced CH3NH3PbI3 exhibited high charge extraction characteristics with hole mobility as high as 3.9 × 10(-3) cm(2)/(V s) and slow recombination rate. Average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.3% was achieved from 41 cells and the best PCE of 19.7% was attained via adduct approach.
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            Efficient, high yield perovskite photovoltaic devices grown by interdiffusion of solution-processed precursor stacking layers

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              Temperature-Dependent Charge-Carrier Dynamics in CH3NH3PbI3Perovskite Thin Films

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ACS Omega
                ACS Omega
                ao
                acsodf
                ACS Omega
                American Chemical Society
                2470-1343
                20 December 2016
                31 December 2016
                : 1
                : 6
                : 1296-1306
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
                Author notes
                Article
                10.1021/acsomega.6b00351
                6640741
                4536b6f6-a09c-4694-b172-df5ac962786a
                Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society

                This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.

                History
                : 31 October 2016
                : 06 December 2016
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                ao-2016-00351d

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