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      Epidemiology of mobile colistin resistance genes mcr-1 to mcr-9

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          Abstract

          The identification of the first mobile colistin resistance (MCR) gene, mcr-1, in 2015 triggered a rash of mcr screening reports. Subsequently, nine MCR-family genes and their variants have been described. However, a comprehensive overview concerning the epidemiology of the whole MCR family, which is essential for facilitating rational interventions against mcr dissemination, is lacking. Here, based on the National Database of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms and published studies, we have summarized the latest epidemiological characteristics of the mcr genes.

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          Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study.

          Yi-Yun Liu, Yang Wang, Timothy R. Walsh … (2016)
          Until now, polymyxin resistance has involved chromosomal mutations but has never been reported via horizontal gene transfer. During a routine surveillance project on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from food animals in China, a major increase of colistin resistance was observed. When an E coli strain, SHP45, possessing colistin resistance that could be transferred to another strain, was isolated from a pig, we conducted further analysis of possible plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance. Herein, we report the emergence of the first plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance mechanism, MCR-1, in Enterobacteriaceae.
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            Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections.

            Matthew E. Falagas, Sofia Kasiakou (2005)
            The emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and the lack of new antibiotics to combat them have led to the revival of polymyxins, an old class of cationic, cyclic polypeptide antibiotics. Polymyxin B and polymyxin E (colistin) are the 2 polymyxins used in clinical practice. Most of the reintroduction of polymyxins during the last few years is related to colistin. The polymyxins are active against selected gram-negative bacteria, including Acinetobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, and Enterobacter species. These drugs have been used extensively worldwide for decades for local use. However, parenteral use of these drugs was abandoned approximately 20 years ago in most countries, except for treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis, because of reports of common and serious nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Recent studies of patients who received intravenous polymyxins for the treatment of serious P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections of various types, including pneumonia, bacteremia, and urinary tract infections, have led to the conclusion that these antibiotics have acceptable effectiveness and considerably less toxicity than was reported in old studies.
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              Polymyxins: Antibacterial Activity, Susceptibility Testing, and Resistance Mechanisms Encoded by Plasmids or Chromosomes.

              Laurent Poirel, Aurélie Jayol, Patrice Nordmann (2017)
              SUMMARYPolymyxins are well-established antibiotics that have recently regained significant interest as a consequence of the increasing incidence of infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Colistin and polymyxin B are being seriously reconsidered as last-resort antibiotics in many areas where multidrug resistance is observed in clinical medicine. In parallel, the heavy use of polymyxins in veterinary medicine is currently being reconsidered due to increased reports of polymyxin-resistant bacteria. Susceptibility testing is challenging with polymyxins, and currently available techniques are presented here. Genotypic and phenotypic methods that provide relevant information for diagnostic laboratories are presented. This review also presents recent works in relation to recently identified mechanisms of polymyxin resistance, including chromosomally encoded resistance traits as well as the recently identified plasmid-encoded polymyxin resistance determinant MCR-1. Epidemiological features summarizing the current knowledge in that field are presented.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
                Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
                ISSN (Print): 0305-7453
                ISSN (Electronic): 1460-2091
                Publication date Created: November 2020
                Publication date Created: November 01 2020
                Publication date Created: June 08 2020
                Publication date Other: November 2020
                Publication date (Print): November 01 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): June 08 2020
                Volume: 75
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 3087-3095
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
                [2 ]Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
                [3 ]Medical College, Hebei University, Hebei, China
                Article
                DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa205
                PubMed ID: 32514524
                SO-VID: 453d8c47-0cb8-4c57-872d-8bd7eda4e311
                Copyright © © 2020
                License:

                https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model

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