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      Role of Indoxyl Sulfate as a Predisposing Factor for Atrial Fibrillation in Renal Dysfunction

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          Abstract

          Background

          Renal dysfunction is a major risk factor for atrial fibrillation ( AF). The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate may contribute to the progression of cardiac fibrosis and AF substrate in renal dysfunction.

          Methods and Results

          Male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned randomly to the following groups: 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) with vehicle, 5/6Nx with AST‐120, sham procedure with vehicle, and sham procedure with AST‐120. Vehicle and AST‐120 were administered for 4 weeks. Serum levels of IS were significantly increased in 5/6Nx groups. Expression of malondialdehyde, an indicator of oxidative stress, was upregulated in the left atrium of 5/6Nx groups and was accompanied by an increase in expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4. Monocyte‐mediated inflammatory signals such as CD68, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were also upregulated in 5/6Nx groups. Interstitial fibrosis was promoted heterogeneously, and expression of profibrotic indicators such as transforming growth factor β1, α‐smooth muscle actin, and collagen type 1 was upregulated in left atrium tissue of 5/6Nx groups. In cultured atrial fibroblasts, incubation with IS upregulated expression of the markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and profibrotic factors. These results suggest the direct effects of IS on the progression of AF substrate. AF was consistently and invariably induced by atrial extrastimuli in 5/6Nx groups in electrophysiological experiments. AST‐120 treatment significantly alleviated renal dysfunction–induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and atrial fibrosis and, consequently, attenuated AF inducibility.

          Conclusions

          Indoxyl sulfate facilitates atrial fibrosis and AF and thus is a novel therapeutic target for prevention of renal dysfunction–induced AF.

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          Most cited references30

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          Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study.

          Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in elderly persons and a potent risk factor for stroke. However, recent prevalence and projected future numbers of persons with atrial fibrillation are not well described. To estimate prevalence of atrial fibrillation and US national projections of the numbers of persons with atrial fibrillation through the year 2050. Cross-sectional study of adults aged 20 years or older who were enrolled in a large health maintenance organization in California and who had atrial fibrillation diagnosed between July 1, 1996, and December 31, 1997. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the study population of 1.89 million; projected number of persons in the United States with atrial fibrillation between 1995-2050. A total of 17 974 adults with diagnosed atrial fibrillation were identified during the study period; 45% were aged 75 years or older. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation was 0.95% (95% confidence interval, 0.94%-0.96%). Atrial fibrillation was more common in men than in women (1.1% vs 0.8%; P<.001). Prevalence increased from 0.1% among adults younger than 55 years to 9.0% in persons aged 80 years or older. Among persons aged 50 years or older, prevalence of atrial fibrillation was higher in whites than in blacks (2.2% vs 1.5%; P<.001). We estimate approximately 2.3 million US adults currently have atrial fibrillation. We project that this will increase to more than 5.6 million (lower bound, 5.0; upper bound, 6.3) by the year 2050, with more than 50% of affected individuals aged 80 years or older. Our study confirms that atrial fibrillation is common among older adults and provides a contemporary basis for estimates of prevalence in the United States. The number of patients with atrial fibrillation is likely to increase 2.5-fold during the next 50 years, reflecting the growing proportion of elderly individuals. Coordinated efforts are needed to face the increasing challenge of optimal stroke prevention and rhythm management in patients with atrial fibrillation.
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            Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and implications.

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              Stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation with chronic kidney disease.

              Both atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease increase the risk of stroke and systemic thromboembolism. However, these risks, and the effects of antithrombotic treatment, have not been thoroughly investigated in patients with both conditions. Using Danish national registries, we identified all patients discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation between 1997 and 2008. The risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism and bleeding associated with non-end-stage chronic kidney disease and with end-stage chronic kidney disease (i.e., disease requiring renal-replacement therapy) was estimated with the use of time-dependent Cox regression analyses. In addition, the effects of treatment with warfarin, aspirin, or both in patients with chronic kidney disease were compared with the effects in patients with no renal disease. Of 132,372 patients included in the analysis, 3587 (2.7%) had non-end-stage chronic kidney disease and 901 (0.7%) required renal-replacement therapy at the time of inclusion. As compared with patients who did not have renal disease, patients with non-end-stage chronic kidney disease had an increased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 1.59; P<0.001), as did those requiring renal-replacement therapy (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.57 to 2.14; P<0.001); this risk was significantly decreased for both groups of patients with warfarin but not with aspirin. The risk of bleeding was also increased among patients who had non-end-stage chronic kidney disease or required renal-replacement therapy and was further increased with warfarin, aspirin, or both. Chronic kidney disease was associated with an increased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism and bleeding among patients with atrial fibrillation. Warfarin treatment was associated with a decreased risk of stroke or systemic thromboembolism among patients with chronic kidney disease, whereas warfarin and aspirin were associated with an increased risk of bleeding. (Funded by the Lundbeck Foundation.).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Am Heart Assoc
                J Am Heart Assoc
                10.1002/(ISSN)2047-9980
                JAH3
                ahaoa
                Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2047-9980
                09 October 2015
                October 2015
                : 4
                : 10 ( doiID: 10.1002/jah3.2015.4.issue-10 )
                : e002023
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and NephrologyOita University Faculty of Medicine OitaJapan
                [ 2 ] Department of Cardiology and Clinical ExaminationOita University Faculty of Medicine OitaJapan
                [ 3 ] College of Judo Therapy and Acupuncture‐MoxibustionOita Medical Technology School OitaJapan
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence to: Yasushi Teshima, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1‐1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Oita 879‐5593, Japan. E‐mail: teshima@ 123456oita-u.ac.jp
                Article
                JAH31138
                10.1161/JAHA.115.002023
                4845145
                26452986
                45466df6-6628-4f68-a8e6-cbe29436e4ee
                © 2015 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

                History
                : 01 June 2015
                : 17 August 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
                Award ID: 26462758
                Award ID: 23592672
                Categories
                [132] Arrythmias‐basic studies
                Original Research
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                jah31138
                October 2015
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.8.4 mode:remove_FC converted:03.03.2016

                Cardiovascular Medicine
                atrial fibrillation,indoxyl sulfate,renal dysfunction
                Cardiovascular Medicine
                atrial fibrillation, indoxyl sulfate, renal dysfunction

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