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      Prevalencia de la infección por Leishmania spp. en un área periurbana de Altagracia de Orituco, estado Guárico, Venezuela Translated title: Prevalence of infection by Leishmania spp. in a peri-urban area of Altagracia de Orituco, Guárico state, Venezuela

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          Abstract

          Leishmania infantum es el agente etiológico de la leishmaniasis visceral (LV). Sin embargo, tanto en el Viejo Mundo como en el Nuevo Mundo (América Central), este protozoario ha sido involucrado en casos de leishmaniasis cutánea atípica (LCA). Evidencias clínicas, parasitológicas, moleculares y entomológicas han demostrado que una situación similar está ocurriendo en un área periurbana de Altagracia de Orituco (Guárico, Venezuela). Con la finalidad de contribuir al entendimiento de este nuevo escenario epidemiológico, se realizó un estudio transversal en el cual se determinó la reactividad a la prueba de leishmanina [Leishmanin skin test (LST)] y la seroprevalencia a antígenos crudos de Leishmania spp. y al antígeno específico rK39 mediante la prueba de ELISA en una muestra de ocho casos de LCA detectados en el periodo 1997-2000, en sus cohabitantes (n=15) y en una muestra de 233 de la comunidad igualmente expuestas a riesgo. La dermoprevalencia resultó ser de 31,6% (67/212). El 28,8% (67/233) resultó positivo a la prueba de ELISA usando promastigotas de L. infantum (=L. chagasi) y 13,3% (31/233) poseían anticuerpos anti-L. braziliensis. Así mismo, la prueba de ELISA usando el antígeno rK39 resultó positiva en uno de los ocho casos estudiados y en dos de sus cohabitantes; así como también en 13,7% (32/233) de los individuos residentes en la comunidad. Los resultados obtenidos indican la circulación de especies del subgénero Leishmania y del subgénero Viannia en el área en estudio y que la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Leishmania en general se encontró asociada a la edad y al tiempo de residencia en la zona.

          Translated abstract

          Leishmania infantum is the etiological agent of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, in the Old World as well in the New World (CentralAmerica), this protozoan has also been involved in cases of atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). Clinical, molecular and entomological evidences have demonstrated that a similar situation is happening in a peri-urban area of Altagracia de Orituco (Guárico state, Venezuela). With the purpose of contributing to the understanding of such an epidemiological scenario, a cross-sectional study was carryed out using the leishmanin skin test (LST) and screening for the seroprevalence to crude antigens of Leishmania spp. and rK39 by means of the ELISA test in cases of ACL reported in the period 1997-2000 (n=8), among their co-inhabitants (n=15) and in a randomly selected sample of 233 people. The dermoprevalence was 31.6% (67/212); 28.8% (67/233) were positive to the ELISA test using promastigotes of L. infantum (= L. chagasi) and 13.3% (31/233) had antibodies anti-L. braziliensis. In addition, the test of ELISA using the antigen rK39 was positive in one out of the eight cases studied and in two out of their co-inhabitants; as well as in 13.7% (32/233) of the inhabitants of the community. The results obtained in this epidemiological study indicate the circulation of species of the sub-genus Leishmania as well as of the subgenus Viannia. The presence of antibodies anti-Leishmania in general was associated to the age and the time of residence in the zone.

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          Molecular characterization of a kinesin-related antigen of Leishmania chagasi that detects specific antibody in African and American visceral leishmaniasis.

          We report the cloning of a Leishmania chagasi antigen gene and an evaluation of leishmaniasis patient antibody responses to the recombinant protein, rK39. rK39 contains a 39-amino acid repeat that is part of a 230-kDa protein predominant in L. chagasi tissue amastigotes. Sequence analyses showed this protein, LcKin, to be related to the kinesin superfamily of motor proteins. Southern blot analyses demonstrated LcKin-related sequences in seven species of Leishmania, with conservation of the repeat between L. chagasi and Leishmania donovani. Serological evaluation revealed that 98% (56 of 57) of Brazilian and 100% (52 of 52) of Sudanese visceral leishmaniasis patients have high antibody levels to the rK39 repeat. Detectable anti-K39 antibody was virtually absent in cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis patients and in individuals infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The data show that rK39 may replace crude parasite antigens as a basis for serological diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.
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            rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis.

            The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a serious and often fatal parasitic disease caused by members of the Leishmania donovani complex, remains problematic. Current methods rely on clinical criteria, parasite identification in aspirate material, and serology. The latter methods use crude antigen preparations lacking in specificity. A previously described cloned antigen, rK39, of Leishmania specific for all members of the L. donovani complex (L. chagasi, L. donovani, L. infantum) was very useful in the serodiagnosis by ELISA of both human and canine VL. The present study demonstrated that rK39 seroreactivity correlated with active disease. The sera from early or self-healing infected subjects reacted with leishmanial lysate and were generally nonreactive with rK39. These data demonstrate the utility of rK39 in the serodiagnosis of VL and as an indicator of active disease.
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              A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bmsa
                Boletín de Malariología y Salud Ambiental
                Bol Mal Salud Amb
                Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Pública Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon (Maracay )
                1690-4648
                July 2009
                : 49
                : 1
                : 107-116
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Carabobo Venezuela
                Article
                S1690-46482009000100007
                459d8e18-f431-4ffa-9c9a-8ff7eb7f3251

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1690-4648&lng=en
                Categories
                INFECTIOUS DISEASES
                PARASITOLOGY

                Parasitology,Infectious disease & Microbiology
                atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis,ELISA,rK39,leishmanin,Venezuela,leishmaniasis cutánea atípica,prueba de leishmanina

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