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      Health workforce contributions to health system development: a platform for universal health coverage Translated title: : - Translated title: Contributions des effectifs de sante au developpement du systeme de sante: une plate-forme pour realiser la couverture sanitaire universelle Translated title: : Translated title: : Translated title: Las contribuciones del personal sanitario al desarrollo del sistema sanitario: una plataforma para la cobertura sanitaria universal

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          Abstract

          Problem In the 1970s, Thailand was a low-income country with poor health indicators and low health service coverage. The local health infrastructure was especially weak. Approach In the 1980s, measures were initiated to reduce geographical barriers to health service access, improve the health infrastructure at the district level, make essential medicines more widely available and develop a competent, committed health workforce willing to service rural areas. To ensure service accessibility, financial risk protection schemes were expanded. Local setting In Thailand, district hospitals were practically non-existent in the 1960s. Expansion of primary health care (PHC), especially in poor rural areas, was considered essential for attaining universal health coverage (UHC). Nationwide reforms led to important changes in a few decades. Relevant changes Over the past 30 years, the availability and distribution of health workers, as well as their skills and competencies, have greatly improved, along with national health indicators. Between 1980 and 2000 coverage with maternal and child health services increased substantially. By 2002, Thailand had attained UHC. Overall health system development, particularly an expanded health workforce, resulted in a functioning PHC system. Lessons learnt A competent, committed health workforce helped strengthen the PHC system at the district level. Keeping the policy focus on the development of human resources for health (HRH) for an extended period was essential, together with a holistic approach to the development of HRH, characterized by the integration of different kinds of HRH interventions and the linking of these interventions with broader efforts to strengthen other health system domains.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé Problème Dans les années 70, la Thaïlande était un pays à faible revenu avec de mauvais indicateurs de santé et une faible couverture des services de santé. L'infrastructure sanitaire locale était particulièrement faible. Approche Dans les années 80, des mesures ont été entreprises pour réduire les obstacles géographiques à l'accès aux services de santé, améliorer les infrastructures sanitaires au niveau des districts, rendre les médicaments essentiels plus largement disponibles et développer des effectifs de santé compétents et dévoués, prêts à desservir les zones rurales. Pour assurer l'accessibilité à ces services, les systèmes de protection contre les risques financiers ont été étendus. Environnement local En Thaïlande, les hôpitaux de districts étaient pratiquement inexistants dans les années 60. L'expansion des soins de santé primaires, en particulier dans les zones rurales pauvres, était considérée comme essentielle pour réaliser la couverture sanitaire universelle. Des réformes nationales ont conduit à d'importants changements en quelques décennies. Changements significatifs Au cours des 30 dernières années, la disponibilité et la distribution des effectifs de santé, ainsi que leurs qualifications et leurs compétences, se sont grandement améliorées, tout comme les indicateurs de santé nationaux. Entre 1980 et 2000, la couverture des services de santé maternelle et de santé infantile a considérablement augmenté. En 2002, la Thaïlande a atteint la couverture sanitaire universelle. Le développement de l'ensemble du système de santé, en particulier un effectif de santé élargi, a abouti à un système de soins de santé primaires qui fonctionne. Leçons tirées Un effectif de santé compétent et dévoué a permis de renforcer le système de soins de santé primaires au niveau des districts. Maintenir les politiques concentrés sur le développement des ressources humaines de la santé pendant une période prolongée fut essentiel, conjointement avec une approche globale pour le développement des ressources humaines de la santé, qui fut caractérisée par l'intégration de différents types d'intervention des ressources humaines de la santé et l'association de ces interventions avec des efforts plus larges visant à renforcer les autres domaines de systèmes de santé.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Situación En la década de 1970, Tailandia era un país de bajos ingresos con indicadores de salud deficientes y cobertura de servicios sanitarios insuficiente. Además, la infraestructura sanitaria local era particularmente precaria. Enfoque En la década de 1980, se comenzaron a aplicar las medidas para reducir las barreras geográficas al acceso a los servicios sanitarios, mejorar la infraestructura sanitaria a nivel local, aumentar en gran medida la disponibilidad de los medicamentos esenciales y formar a un personal sanitario competente, comprometido y dispuesto a prestar atención en las áreas rurales. Los sistemas de protección contra los riesgos financieros se expandieron para garantizar la accesibilidad a los servicios. Marco regional En Tailandia, los hospitales locales eran casi inexistentes en la década de 1960, por lo que se consideraba esencial ampliar la atención primaria de salud (APS), sobre todo en las zonas rurales pobres, para alcanzar la cobertura sanitaria universal (UHC). Las reformas a nivel nacional llevaron a cambios importantes en solo unas décadas. Cambios importantes En los últimos 30 años, la disponibilidad y la distribución del personal sanitario, así como sus capacidades y competencias, han mejorado en gran medida, junto con los indicadores nacionales de salud. Entre 1980 y 2000 aumentó considerablemente la cobertura que incluía servicios de salud maternoinfantiles. En 2002, Tailandia alcanzó la cobertura sanitaria universal. El desarrollo del sistema sanitario general, especialmente la ampliación del personal sanitario, dio como fruto un sistema de atención primaria de la salud operativo. Lecciones aprendidas Disponer de un personal sanitario competente y comprometido ayudó a fortalecer el sistema de atención primaria de salud a nivel local. Fue vital mantener el enfoque de las políticas en el desarrollo de los recursos humanos en sanidad (RHS) por un mayor periodo, junto con un enfoque integral para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos en sanidad, basado en la integración de las diferentes intervenciones del sector de los recursos humanos en sanidad, y la unión de dichas intervenciones con otros esfuerzos más amplios para fortalecer otros dominios de los sistemas sanitarios.

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          Neonatal, postneonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, 1970-2010: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4.

          Previous assessments have highlighted that less than a quarter of countries are on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4), which calls for a two-thirds reduction in mortality in children younger than 5 years between 1990 and 2015. In view of policy initiatives and investments made since 2000, it is important to see if there is acceleration towards the MDG 4 target. We assessed levels and trends in child mortality for 187 countries from 1970 to 2010. We compiled a database of 16 174 measurements of mortality in children younger than 5 years for 187 countries from 1970 to 2009, by use of data from all available sources, including vital registration systems, summary birth histories in censuses and surveys, and complete birth histories. We used Gaussian process regression to generate estimates of the probability of death between birth and age 5 years. This is the first study that uses Gaussian process regression to estimate child mortality, and this technique has better out-of-sample predictive validity than do previous methods and captures uncertainty caused by sampling and non-sampling error across data types. Neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood mortality was estimated from mortality in children younger than 5 years by use of the 1760 measurements from vital registration systems and complete birth histories that contained specific information about neonatal and postneonatal mortality. Worldwide mortality in children younger than 5 years has dropped from 11.9 million deaths in 1990 to 7.7 million deaths in 2010, consisting of 3.1 million neonatal deaths, 2.3 million postneonatal deaths, and 2.3 million childhood deaths (deaths in children aged 1-4 years). 33.0% of deaths in children younger than 5 years occur in south Asia and 49.6% occur in sub-Saharan Africa, with less than 1% of deaths occurring in high-income countries. Across 21 regions of the world, rates of neonatal, postneonatal, and childhood mortality are declining. The global decline from 1990 to 2010 is 2.1% per year for neonatal mortality, 2.3% for postneonatal mortality, and 2.2% for childhood mortality. In 13 regions of the world, including all regions in sub-Saharan Africa, there is evidence of accelerating declines from 2000 to 2010 compared with 1990 to 2000. Within sub-Saharan Africa, rates of decline have increased by more than 1% in Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, and The Gambia. Robust measurement of mortality in children younger than 5 years shows that accelerating declines are occurring in several low-income countries. These positive developments deserve attention and might need enhanced policy attention and resources. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Good Health at Low Cost 25 years on: lessons for the future of health systems strengthening.

            In 1985, the Rockefeller Foundation published Good health at low cost to discuss why some countries or regions achieve better health and social outcomes than do others at a similar level of income and to show the role of political will and socially progressive policies. 25 years on, the Good Health at Low Cost project revisited these places but looked anew at Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand, and the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, which have all either achieved substantial improvements in health or access to services or implemented innovative health policies relative to their neighbours. A series of comparative case studies (2009-11) looked at how and why each region accomplished these changes. Attributes of success included good governance and political commitment, effective bureaucracies that preserve institutional memory and can learn from experience, and the ability to innovate and adapt to resource limitations. Furthermore, the capacity to respond to population needs and build resilience into health systems in the face of political unrest, economic crises, and natural disasters was important. Transport infrastructure, female empowerment, and education also played a part. Health systems are complex and no simple recipe exists for success. Yet in the countries and regions studied, progress has been assisted by institutional stability, with continuity of reforms despite political and economic turmoil, learning lessons from experience, seizing windows of opportunity, and ensuring sensitivity to context. These experiences show that improvements in health can still be achieved in countries with relatively few resources, though strategic investment is necessary to address new challenges such as complex chronic diseases and growing population expectations. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Health-financing reforms in southeast Asia: challenges in achieving universal coverage.

              In this sixth paper of the Series, we review health-financing reforms in seven countries in southeast Asia that have sought to reduce dependence on out-of-pocket payments, increase pooled health finance, and expand service use as steps towards universal coverage. Laos and Cambodia, both resource-poor countries, have mostly relied on donor-supported health equity funds to reach the poor, and reliable funding and appropriate identification of the eligible poor are two major challenges for nationwide expansion. For Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, social health insurance financed by payroll tax is commonly used for formal sector employees (excluding Malaysia), with varying outcomes in terms of financial protection. Alternative payment methods have different implications for provider behaviour and financial protection. Two alternative approaches for financial protection of the non-poor outside the formal sector have emerged-contributory arrangements and tax-financed schemes-with different abilities to achieve high population coverage rapidly. Fiscal space and mobilisation of payroll contributions are both important in accelerating financial protection. Expanding coverage of good-quality services and ensuring adequate human resources are also important to achieve universal coverage. As health-financing reform is complex, institutional capacity to generate evidence and inform policy is essential and should be strengthened. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                November 2013
                : 91
                : 11
                : 874-880
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Ministry of Public Health Afghanistan
                [2 ] Khon Kaen University Thailand
                Article
                S0042-96862013001100874
                10.2471/BLT.13.120774
                3853960
                24347713
                45d66a60-6c4a-46f7-b518-64a476a88790

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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