32
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Reference values for the incremental shuttle walk test in healthy subjects: from the walk distance to physiological responses *,** Translated title: Valores de referência para o teste de caminhada com carga progressiva em indivíduos saudáveis: da distância percorrida às respostas fisiológicas

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE:

          To determine reference values for incremental shuttle walk distance (ISWD) and peak physiological responses during the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT), as well as to develop a series of predictive equations for those variables in healthy adults.

          METHODS:

          We evaluated 103 healthy participants ≥ 40 years of age (54 women and 49 men). We fitted each participant with a gas analysis system for use during the ISWT. Oxygen consumption (VO 2), carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation, heart rate (HR), ISWD, and maximal walking velocity (MWV) were obtained as primary outcomes. We also assessed hand grip strength (HGS) and lean body mass (LBM).

          RESULTS:

          The regression analysis models, including physiological variables, ISWD, and MWV (adjusted for age, body mass, height, and sex), produced R 2 values ranging from 0.40 to 0.65 (for HR and peak VO 2, respectively). Using the models including LBM or HGS, we obtained no significant increase in the R 2 values for predicting peak VO 2, although the use of those models did result in slight increases in the R 2 values for ISWD and MWV (of 8% and 12%, respectively). The variables ISWD, MWV, and ISWD × body mass, respectively, explained 76.7%, 73.3%, and 81.2% of peak VO 2 variability.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          Our results provide reference values for ISWD and physiological responses to the ISWT, which can be properly estimated by determining simple demographic and anthropometric characteristics in healthy adults ≥ 40 years of age. The ISWT could be used in assessing physical fitness in the general adult population and in designing individualized walking programs.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO:

          Determinar valores de referência para a distância caminhada (DC) e para respostas fisiológicas durante o teste de caminhada com carga progressiva (TCCP) e desenvolver equações preditivas para essas variáveis em adultos saudáveis.

          MÉTODOS:

          Foram avaliados 103 participantes saudáveis com idade ≥ 40 anos (54 mulheres e 49 homens). Os participantes usaram um sistema de análise de gases durante o TCCP. Consumo de oxigênio (VO 2), liberação de gás carbônico, ventilação minuto, frequência cardíaca (FC), DC e velocidade máxima da caminhada (VMC) foram obtidos como desfechos primários. Avaliamos também a força de preensão manual (FPM) e a massa magra corporal (MMC).

          RESULTADOS:

          Os modelos de regressão utilizando variáveis fisiológicas, DC e VMC ajustados por idade, massa corporal, estatura e sexo apresentaram valores de R 2 entre 0,40 e 0,65 (para FC e pico de VO 2, respectivamente). Os modelos incluindo MMC e FPM não aumentaram consideravelmente os valores de R 2 na previsão do pico de VO 2, embora esses modelos tenham aumentado discretamente os valores do R 2 para DC e VMC (8% e 12%, respectivamente). As variáveis DC, VMC e DC × massa corporal, respectivamente, explicaram 76,7%, 73,3% e 81,2% da variabilidade do pico de VO 2.

          CONCLUSÕES:

          Nossos resultados originaram valores de referência para a DC e respostas fisiológicas ao TCCP, que podem ser estimados adequadamente por características demográficas e antropométricas simples em adultos saudáveis com idade ≥ 40 anos. O TCCP poderia ser utilizado na avaliação da capacidade física na população geral de adultos e no desenvolvimento de programas de caminhada individualizados.

          Related collections

          Most cited references82

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronic airways obstruction.

          The aim was to develop a standardised and externally paced field walking test, incorporating an incremental and progressive structure, to assess functional capacity in patients with chronic airways obstruction. The usefulness of two different shuttle walking test protocols was examined in two separate groups of patients. The initial 10 level protocol (group A, n = 10) and a subsequent, modified, 12 level protocol (group B, n = 10) differed in the number of increments and in the speeds of walking. Patients performed three shuttle walking tests one week apart. Then the performance of patients (group C, n = 15) in the six minute walking test was compared with that in the second (modified) shuttle walking test protocol. Heart rate was recorded during all the exercise tests with a short range telemetry device. The 12 level modified protocol provided a measure of functional capacity in patients with a wide range of disability and was reproducible after just one practice walk; the mean difference between trial 2 v 3 was -2.0 (95% CI -21.9 to 17.9) m. There was a significant relation between the distance walked in the six minute walking test and the shuttle walking test (rho = 0.68) but the six minute walking test appeared to overestimate the extent of disability in some patients. The shuttle test provoked a graded cardiovascular response not evident in the six minute test. Moreover, the maximal heart rates attained were significantly higher for the shuttle walking test than for the six minute test. The shuttle walking test constitutes a standardised incremental field walking test that provokes a symptom limited maximal performance. It provides an objective measurement of disability and allows direct comparison of patients' performance.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults.

            ACSM Position Stand on The Recommended Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness, and Flexibility in Adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 975-991, 1998. The combination of frequency, intensity, and duration of chronic exercise has been found to be effective for producing a training effect. The interaction of these factors provide the overload stimulus. In general, the lower the stimulus the lower the training effect, and the greater the stimulus the greater the effect. As a result of specificity of training and the need for maintaining muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility of the major muscle groups, a well-rounded training program including aerobic and resistance training, and flexibility exercises is recommended. Although age in itself is not a limiting factor to exercise training, a more gradual approach in applying the prescription at older ages seems prudent. It has also been shown that aerobic endurance training of fewer than 2 d.wk-1, at less than 40-50% of VO2R, and for less than 10 min-1 is generally not a sufficient stimulus for developing and maintaining fitness in healthy adults. Even so, many health benefits from physical activity can be achieved at lower intensities of exercise if frequency and duration of training are increased appropriately. In this regard, physical activity can be accumulated through the day in shorter bouts of 10-min durations. In the interpretation of this position stand, it must be recognized that the recommendations should be used in the context of participant's needs, goals, and initial abilities. In this regard, a sliding scale as to the amount of time allotted and intensity of effort should be carefully gauged for the cardiorespiratory, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility components of the program. An appropriate warm-up and cool-down period, which would include flexibility exercises, is also recommended. The important factor is to design a program for the individual to provide the proper amount of physical activity to attain maximal benefit at the lowest risk. Emphasis should be placed on factors that result in permanent lifestyle change and encourage a lifetime of physical activity.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max.

              In order to validate a maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test for the prediction of VO2 max, 91 adults (32 females and 59 males, aged 27.3 +/- 9.2 and 24.8 +/- 5.5 year respectively and with mean VO2 max (+/- SD) of 39.3 +/- 8.3 and 51.6 +/- 7.8 ml . kg-1 . min-1 respectively) performed the test and had VO2 max estimated by the retroextrapolation method (extrapolation to time zero of recovery of the exponential least squares regression of the first four 20-s recovery VO2 values). Starting at 8 km . h-1 and increasing by 0.5 km . h-1 every 2 min, the 20-m shuttle run test enabled prediction of the VO2 max (y, ml . kg-1 . min-1) from the maximal speed (x, km . h-1) by means of the following regression equation: y = 5.857x - 19.458; r = 0.84 and SEE = 5.4. Later, the multistage protocol was slightly modified to its final version, in which the test started at stage 7 Met and continued with a 1 Met (3.5 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1) increment every 2 min. Twenty-five of the 91 subjects performed the 20-m shuttle test twice, once on a hard, low-friction surface (vinyl-asbestos tiles) and another time on a rubber floor, as well as a walking maximal multistage test on an inclined treadmill. There was no difference between the means of these tests or between the slopes of the VO2max - maximal speed regressions for the two types of surfaces. The 20-m shuttle run test and another maximal multistage field test involving continuous track running gave comparable results (r = 0.92, SEE = 2.6 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1, n = 70). Finally, test and retest of the 20-m shuttle run test also yielded comparable results (r = 0.975, SEE = 2.0 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1, n = 50). It is concluded that the 20-m shuttle run test is valid and reliable test for the prediction of the VO2 max of male and female adults, individually or in groups, on most gymnasium surfaces.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Adjunct Professor
                Role: Adjunct Professor
                Role: Pulmonologist
                Role: Professor
                Role: Full Professor
                Journal
                J Bras Pneumol
                J Bras Pneumol
                Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia : Publicaça̋o Oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia
                1806-3713
                1806-3756
                Mar-Apr 2013
                Mar-Apr 2013
                : 39
                : 2
                : 190-197
                Affiliations
                Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP, Federal University of São Paulo – Baixada Santista Campus, Santos, Brazil
                Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil. Universidade Federal de São Paulo – UNIFESP, Federal University of São Paulo – Baixada Santista Campus, Santos, Brazil
                São Paulo State University, Botucatu School of Medicine, Botucatu, Brazil. Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, São Paulo State University – Botucatu School of Medicine, Botucatu, Brazil
                São Paulo State University, Botucatu School of Medicine, Botucatu, Brazil. Marechal Rondon College, São Manuel, Brazil. Physical Therapist. Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, São Paulo State University – Botucatu School of Medicine Hospital das Clínicas, Botucatu, Brazil
                São Paulo State University, Botucatu School of Medicine, Botucatu, Brazil. Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, São Paulo State University – Botucatu School of Medicine, Botucatu, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Victor Z. Dourado Avenida Ana Costa, 95 CEP 11060-001, Santos, SP, Brasil Tel./Fax: 55 13 3261-3324 E-mail: vzdourado@ 123456yahoo.com.br or victor.dourado@ 123456unifesp.br
                Article
                10.1590/S1806-37132013000200010
                4075833
                23670504
                45e2ae0d-b703-4dac-9b07-e5f451ebbafb

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 13 September 2012
                : 15 January 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, References: 30, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Original Article

                reference values,pulmonary gas exchange,walking,exercise test

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content49

                Cited by25

                Most referenced authors503