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      Traditional Chinese Medicine Qingre Huoxue Treatment vs. the Combination of Methotrexate and Hydroxychloroquine for Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

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          Abstract

          Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used successfully to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Qingre Huoxue treatment (Qingre Huoxue decoction (QRHXD)/Qingre Huoxue external preparation (QRHXEP)) is a therapeutic scheme of TCM for RA. To date, there have been few studies comparing the efficacy and safety of QRHXD and conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) for the treatment of active RA. This was investigated in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial involving 468 Chinese patients with active RA [disease activity score (DAS)-28 > 3.2] treated with QRHXD/QRHXEP (TCM group), methotrexate plus hydroxychloroquine [Western medicine (WM) group], or both [integrative medicine (IM) group]. Patients were followed up for 24 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the change in DAS-28 from baseline to 24 weeks. The secondary outcome measures were treatment response rate according to American College of Rheumatology 20, 50, and 70% improvement criteria (ACR-20/50/70) and the rate of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02551575). DAS-28 decreased in all three groups after treatment ( p < 0.0001); the score was lowest in the TCM group ( p < 0.05), while no difference was observed between the WM and IM groups ( p > 0.05). At week 24, ACR-20 response was 73.04% with TCM, 80.17% with WM, and 73.95% with IM (based on the full analysis set [FAS], p > 0.05); ACR-50 responses were 40.87, 47.93, and 51.26%, respectively, (FAS, p > 0.05); and ACR-70 responses were 20.87, 22.31, and 25.21%, respectively, (FAS, p > 0.05). Thus, treatment efficacy was similar across groups based on ACR criteria. On the other hand, the rate of TRAEs was significantly lower in the TCM group compared to the other groups ( p < 0.05). Thus, QRHXD/QRHXEP was effective in alleviating the symptoms of active RA—albeit to a lesser degree than csDMARDs—with fewer side effects. Importantly, combination with QRHXD enhanced the efficacy of csDMARDs. These results provide evidence that QRHXD can be used as an adjunct to csDMARDs for the management of RA, especially in patients who experience TRAEs with standard drugs.

          Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCTNCT025515.

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          Most cited references34

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          2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative.

          The 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR; formerly, the American Rheumatism Association) classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been criticized for their lack of sensitivity in early disease. This work was undertaken to develop new classification criteria for RA. A joint working group from the ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism developed, in 3 phases, a new approach to classifying RA. The work focused on identifying, among patients newly presenting with undifferentiated inflammatory synovitis, factors that best discriminated between those who were and those who were not at high risk for persistent and/or erosive disease--this being the appropriate current paradigm underlying the disease construct "rheumatoid arthritis." In the new criteria set, classification as "definite RA" is based on the confirmed presence of synovitis in at least 1 joint, absence of an alternative diagnosis that better explains the synovitis, and achievement of a total score of 6 or greater (of a possible 10) from the individual scores in 4 domains: number and site of involved joints (score range 0-5), serologic abnormality (score range 0-3), elevated acute-phase response (score range 0-1), and symptom duration (2 levels; range 0-1). This new classification system redefines the current paradigm of RA by focusing on features at earlier stages of disease that are associated with persistent and/or erosive disease, rather than defining the disease by its late-stage features. This will refocus attention on the important need for earlier diagnosis and institution of effective disease-suppressing therapy to prevent or minimize the occurrence of the undesirable sequelae that currently comprise the paradigm underlying the disease construct "rheumatoid arthritis."
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            EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update

            To provide an update of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management recommendations to account for the most recent developments in the field. An international task force considered new evidence supporting or contradicting previous recommendations and novel therapies and strategic insights based on two systematic literature searches on efficacy and safety of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) since the last update (2016) until 2019. A predefined voting process was applied, current levels of evidence and strengths of recommendation were assigned and participants ultimately voted independently on their level of agreement with each of the items. The task force agreed on 5 overarching principles and 12 recommendations concerning use of conventional synthetic (cs) DMARDs (methotrexate (MTX), leflunomide, sulfasalazine); glucocorticoids (GCs); biological (b) DMARDs (tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab), abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab, sarilumab and biosimilar (bs) DMARDs) and targeted synthetic (ts) DMARDs (the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors tofacitinib, baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib). Guidance on monotherapy, combination therapy, treatment strategies (treat-to-target) and tapering on sustained clinical remission is provided. Cost and sequencing of b/tsDMARDs are addressed. Initially, MTX plus GCs and upon insufficient response to this therapy within 3 to 6 months, stratification according to risk factors is recommended. With poor prognostic factors (presence of autoantibodies, high disease activity, early erosions or failure of two csDMARDs), any bDMARD or JAK inhibitor should be added to the csDMARD. If this fails, any other bDMARD (from another or the same class) or tsDMARD is recommended. On sustained remission, DMARDs may be tapered, but not be stopped. Levels of evidence and levels of agreement were mostly high. These updated EULAR recommendations provide consensus on the management of RA with respect to benefit, safety, preferences and cost.
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              The american rheumatism association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis

              The revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were formulated from a computerized analysis of 262 contemporary, consecutively studied patients with RA and 262 control subjects with rheumatic diseases other than RA (non-RA). The new criteria are as follows: 1) morning stiffness in and around joints lasting at least 1 hour before maximal improvement; 2) soft tissue swelling (arthritis) of 3 or more joint areas observed by a physician; 3) swelling (arthritis) of the proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, or wrist joints; 4) symmetric swelling (arthritis); 5) rheumatoid nodules; 6) the presence of rheumatoid factor; and 7) radiographic erosions and/or periarticular osteopenia in hand and/or wrist joints. Criteria 1 through 4 must have been present for at least 6 weeks. Rheumatoid arthritis is defined by the presence of 4 or more criteria, and no further qualifications (classic, definite, or probable) or list of exclusions are required. In addition, a "classification tree" schema is presented which performs equally as well as the traditional (4 of 7) format. The new criteria demonstrated 91-94% sensitivity and 89% specificity for RA when compared with non-RA rheumatic disease control subjects.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Pharmacol
                Front Pharmacol
                Front. Pharmacol.
                Frontiers in Pharmacology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1663-9812
                25 May 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 679588
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Guang’anmen Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
                [ 2 ]The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
                [ 3 ]Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
                [ 4 ]The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
                [ 5 ]Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Chongqing, China
                [ 6 ]Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
                [ 7 ]The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
                [ 8 ]The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, China
                [ 9 ]Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
                [ 10 ]Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
                [ 11 ]Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
                [ 12 ]Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
                [ 13 ]Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
                [ 14 ]The Fifth Hospital of Xi’an, Xi’an, China
                [ 15 ]Xiyuan Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
                [ 16 ]China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
                [ 17 ]The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
                [ 18 ]Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Yanqiong Zhang, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China

                Reviewed by: Liwei Lu, The University of Hong Kong, China

                Hua Zhou, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

                *Correspondence: Quan Jiang, jiang.quan@ 123456hotmail.com ; Chi Zhang, sage618@ 123456126.com
                [†]

                These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Ethnopharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology

                Article
                679588
                10.3389/fphar.2021.679588
                8186316
                34113254
                45e2ff84-9c27-44fe-9e36-50d5c4a2a203
                Copyright © 2021 Gong, Liu, Tang, Wang, Liu, Huang, Liu, Fang, He, Liu, Gao, Wu, Chen, Li, Wang, Xie, Zhang, Zhou, Ma, Wang, Zhang and Jiang.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 12 March 2021
                : 10 May 2021
                Categories
                Pharmacology
                Clinical Trial

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                qingre huoxue decoction,damp-heat-stasis syndrome,active rheumatoid arthritis,comprehensive treatment.,randomized controlled trial

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