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      Sintomatología y factores de riesgo presentes en la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 Translated title: Symptomatology and risk factors present in SARS-CoV-2 disease

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo. Analizar la información obtenida de estudios previos acerca del cuadro clínico presente en enfermedad por SARS -CoV-2, así como los factores de riesgo y vulnerabilidad que predisponen a dicha enfermedad, para determinar los más frecuentes en interés de guiar al buen diagnóstico y tratamiento de la misma. Método. Revisión sistemática utilizando la internet y motores de búsqueda como Google Scholar y PubMed. Las fuentes revisadas se encuentran publicadas en revistas en línea tales como Elsevier, Jama, SciELO, Science Direct, entre otras. Se incluyeron documentos por la Secretaría de Salud de México, y la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. Se observó que la sintomatología del SARS-CoV-2 es variable, encontraron casos asintomáticos. Existe una alta incidencia en distintos síntomas como son: fiebre, tos seca y cansancio. La COVID-19 tiene una letalidad de 10.2% en México. Entre las complicaciones más comunes se encontraron neumonía, insuficiencia cardiaca. Se observaron varios factores de riesgo que pueden llevar a una muerte como desenlace, tales como: HTA, obesidad, ECV, EPOC, cáncer y diabetes. Existen factores de vulnerabilidad como: inadecuado acceso de agua limpia y saneamiento, infraestructura inadecuada, inseguridad alimentaria, entre otros. Conclusiones. El conocimiento de los síntomas más comunes en la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 es una herramienta de utilidad clínica para mejorar la atención médica. La presencia de comorbilidades dispone a un agravamiento significativo de la enfermedad, los factores de riesgo y vulnerabilidad apuntan a la necesidad de optimización de actividades en materia de salud pública.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective. To analyze the information obtained from previous studies about the clinical picture present in SARS -CoV-2 disease, as well as the risk and vulnerability factors that predispose to this disease, in order to determine the most frequent ones in the interest of guiding the good diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Method. A bibliographic review using the internet and search engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed. The reviewed sources are published in online journals such as Elsevier, Jama, SciELO, Science Direct, among others. Also included were documents published by the Mexican Ministry of Health, and the World Health Organization. Results. It was observed that the symptomatology of SARS-CoV-2 is variable, asymptomatic cases were found. There is a high incidence of different symptoms such as: fever, dry cough, tiredness. COVID-19 has a 10.2% lethality in Mexico. Among the most common complications were found, pneumonia, heart failure. Several risk factors were observed that can lead to death as an outcome, such as: ATH, obesity, CVD, COPD, cancer and diabetes. In addition to these risk factors there are vulnerability factors such as: inadequate access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate infrastructure, food insecurity, among other. Conclusions. The knowledge of the most common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 disease is a clinically useful tool for improving health care. On the other hand, the presence of comorbidities leads to a significant worsening of the disease, risk and vulnerability factors point to the need for optimization of public health activities.

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          Most cited references33

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          Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China

          The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, is serious and has the potential to become an epidemic worldwide. Several studies have described typical clinical manifestations including fever, cough, diarrhea, and fatigue. However, to our knowledge, it has not been reported that patients with COVID-19 had any neurologic manifestations.
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            The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application

            Background: A novel human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in China in December 2019. There is limited support for many of its key epidemiologic features, including the incubation period for clinical disease (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]), which has important implications for surveillance and control activities. Objective: To estimate the length of the incubation period of COVID-19 and describe its public health implications. Design: Pooled analysis of confirmed COVID-19 cases reported between 4 January 2020 and 24 February 2020. Setting: News reports and press releases from 50 provinces, regions, and countries outside Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Participants: Persons with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection outside Hubei province, China. Measurements: Patient demographic characteristics and dates and times of possible exposure, symptom onset, fever onset, and hospitalization. Results: There were 181 confirmed cases with identifiable exposure and symptom onset windows to estimate the incubation period of COVID-19. The median incubation period was estimated to be 5.1 days (95% CI, 4.5 to 5.8 days), and 97.5% of those who develop symptoms will do so within 11.5 days (CI, 8.2 to 15.6 days) of infection. These estimates imply that, under conservative assumptions, 101 out of every 10 000 cases (99th percentile, 482) will develop symptoms after 14 days of active monitoring or quarantine. Limitation: Publicly reported cases may overrepresent severe cases, the incubation period for which may differ from that of mild cases. Conclusion: This work provides additional evidence for a median incubation period for COVID-19 of approximately 5 days, similar to SARS. Our results support current proposals for the length of quarantine or active monitoring of persons potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2, although longer monitoring periods might be justified in extreme cases. Primary Funding Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
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              Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study

              Abstract Objective To characterise the clinical features of patients admitted to hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in the United Kingdom during the growth phase of the first wave of this outbreak who were enrolled in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC) World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK (CCP-UK) study, and to explore risk factors associated with mortality in hospital. Design Prospective observational cohort study with rapid data gathering and near real time analysis. Setting 208 acute care hospitals in England, Wales, and Scotland between 6 February and 19 April 2020. A case report form developed by ISARIC and WHO was used to collect clinical data. A minimal follow-up time of two weeks (to 3 May 2020) allowed most patients to complete their hospital admission. Participants 20 133 hospital inpatients with covid-19. Main outcome measures Admission to critical care (high dependency unit or intensive care unit) and mortality in hospital. Results The median age of patients admitted to hospital with covid-19, or with a diagnosis of covid-19 made in hospital, was 73 years (interquartile range 58-82, range 0-104). More men were admitted than women (men 60%, n=12 068; women 40%, n=8065). The median duration of symptoms before admission was 4 days (interquartile range 1-8). The commonest comorbidities were chronic cardiac disease (31%, 5469/17 702), uncomplicated diabetes (21%, 3650/17 599), non-asthmatic chronic pulmonary disease (18%, 3128/17 634), and chronic kidney disease (16%, 2830/17 506); 23% (4161/18 525) had no reported major comorbidity. Overall, 41% (8199/20 133) of patients were discharged alive, 26% (5165/20 133) died, and 34% (6769/20 133) continued to receive care at the reporting date. 17% (3001/18 183) required admission to high dependency or intensive care units; of these, 28% (826/3001) were discharged alive, 32% (958/3001) died, and 41% (1217/3001) continued to receive care at the reporting date. Of those receiving mechanical ventilation, 17% (276/1658) were discharged alive, 37% (618/1658) died, and 46% (764/1658) remained in hospital. Increasing age, male sex, and comorbidities including chronic cardiac disease, non-asthmatic chronic pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, liver disease and obesity were associated with higher mortality in hospital. Conclusions ISARIC WHO CCP-UK is a large prospective cohort study of patients in hospital with covid-19. The study continues to enrol at the time of this report. In study participants, mortality was high, independent risk factors were increasing age, male sex, and chronic comorbidity, including obesity. This study has shown the importance of pandemic preparedness and the need to maintain readiness to launch research studies in response to outbreaks. Study registration ISRCTN66726260.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2021
                : 6
                : 11
                : 1373-1386
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina orgdiv2Maestría en Salud Pública Mexico
                [3] orgnameInstituto Superior de Especialidades en administración pública en CdMx orgdiv1Departamento de Educación Continua México
                [4] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Departamento de Farmacia orgdiv2Maestría en Salud Pública Mexico
                [5] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina orgdiv2Maestría en Ciencias Biomédicas Mexico
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Licenciatura en Médico Cirujano Mexico
                Article
                S2529-850X2021001100005 S2529-850X(21)00601100005
                10.19230/jonnpr.4172
                45e61dc4-8e8e-4fbc-a522-2360602b75a2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 June 2021
                : 17 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                COVID-19,symptoms,asintomático,hospitalizados,factores de riesgo para COVID-19,vulnerabilidad para COVID-19,síntomas,vulnerability for covid-19,risk factors for covid-19,hospitalized,asymptomatic

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