Tourette Syndrome research highlights 2014

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Abstract

About 200 journal articles reported research on Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders in 2014. Here we briefly summarize a few of the reports that seemed most important or interesting, ranging from animal models to human studies. Readers can comment on our choices or provide their own favorites using the tools on the online article.

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Most cited references 61

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Statistical improvements in functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses produced by censoring high-motion data points.

Joshua S Siegel, Jonathan D. Power, Joseph Dubis … (2014)

Subject motion degrades the quality of task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Here, we test two classes of methods to counteract the effects of motion in task fMRI data: (1) a variety of motion regressions and (2) motion censoring ("motion scrubbing"). In motion regression, various regressors based on realignment estimates were included as nuisance regressors in general linear model (GLM) estimation. In motion censoring, volumes in which head motion exceeded a threshold were withheld from GLM estimation. The effects of each method were explored in several task fMRI data sets and compared using indicators of data quality and signal-to-noise ratio. Motion censoring decreased variance in parameter estimates within- and across-subjects, reduced residual error in GLM estimation, and increased the magnitude of statistical effects. Motion censoring performed better than all forms of motion regression and also performed well across a variety of parameter spaces, in GLMs with assumed or unassumed response shapes. We conclude that motion censoring improves the quality of task fMRI data and can be a valuable processing step in studies involving populations with even mild amounts of head movement. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Artifacts and pitfalls in diffusion MRI.

F Lethimonnier, Alexis Amadon, Denis Le Bihan … (2006)

Although over the last 20 years diffusion MRI has become an established technique with a great impact on health care and neurosciences, like any other MRI technique it remains subject to artifacts and pitfalls. In addition to common MRI artifacts, there are specific problems that one may encounter when using MRI scanner gradient hardware for diffusion MRI, especially in terms of eddy currents and sensitivity to motion. In this article we review those artifacts and pitfalls on a qualitative basis, and introduce possible strategies that have been developed to mitigate or overcome them.

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Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome.

Clifford B. Saper, Heidi Grantz, Jana Schwartz … (2010)

Corticobasal ganglia neuronal ensembles bring automatic motor skills into voluntary control and integrate them into ongoing motor behavior. A 5% decrease in caudate (Cd) nucleus volume is the most consistent structural finding in the brain of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS), but the cellular abnormalities that underlie this decrease in volume are unclear. In this study the density of different types of interneurons and medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum was assessed in the postmortem brains of 5 TS subjects as compared with normal controls (NC) by unbiased stereological analyses. TS patients demonstrated a 50%-60% decrease of both parvalbumin (PV)+ and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ cholinergic interneurons in the Cd and the putamen (Pt). Cholinergic interneurons were decreased in TS patients in the associative and sensorimotor regions but not in the limbic regions of the striatum, such that the normal gradient in density of cholinergic cells (highest in associative regions, intermediate in sensorimotor and lowest in limbic regions) was abolished. No significant difference was present in the densities of medium-sized calretinin (CR)+ interneurons, MSNs, and total neurons. The selective deficit of PV+ and cholinergic striatal interneurons in TS subjects may result in an impaired cortico/thalamic control of striatal neuron firing in TS.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): F1000Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): F1000Res

Journal ID (pmc): F1000Research

Title: F1000Research

Publisher: F1000Research (London, UK )

ISSN (Electronic): 2046-1402

Publication date (Electronic): 14 July 2015

Publication date Collection: 2015

Volume: 4

Electronic Location Identifier: 69

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

[2 ]Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

[1 ]Department of Neurology, King's College London, Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

[1 ]Department for Pediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA

[1 ]Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA

[1 ]Department of Neurology, King's College London, Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA

Author notes

[a ] RichardsC@ 123456psychiatry.wustl.edu

Both authors contributed to all phases of this work, were involved in the revision of the draft manuscript and have agreed to the final content.

Competing interests: Dr. Black participates in a clinical trial supported by Psyadon Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Black is an (unpaid) member of the F1000Research Advisory Board.

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Article

DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6209.2

PMC ID: 4602330

PubMed ID: 26512319

SO-VID: 45ef9a40-9b5f-4edd-9199-909e271a4c00

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date accepted : 6 July 2015

Funding

Funded by: U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Award ID: R21 NS091635

This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), grant R21 NS091635, and by the McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience at Washington University.

I confirm that the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Tourette Syndrome research highlights 2014

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Abstract

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Most cited references 61

Statistical improvements in functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses produced by censoring high-motion data points.

Artifacts and pitfalls in diffusion MRI.

Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome.

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