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Heavy metals-resistant bacteria (HM-RB): Potential bioremediators of heavy metals-stressed Spinacia oleracea plant
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Abstract
Microorganism technologies can provide a potential alternative to traditional methods
of removing heavy metals to conserve agricultural soils. This study aimed to identify
and characterize heavy metals-resistant bacteria (HM-RB) isolated from industry-affected
soil and their desired impact as bioremediators of heavy metals-stressed spinach plants.
Three of 135 isolates were selected based on a high level of resistance to heavy metals.
Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, the selected isolates were
identified as Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii DSM 15029 T DSM (MA3), Paenibacillus
jamilae DSM 13815 T DSM (LA22), or Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 1117 DSM (SN36). Experiments
were implemented to investigate the three isolated HM-RB ability on improving attributes
of growth, physio-biochemistry, and components of the antioxidant defense system of
spinach plant exposed to the stress of cadmium (Cd2+; 2 mM), lead (Pb2+; 2 mM) or
2 mM Cd2++2 mM Pb2+. Compared to control, Cd2+ or Pb2+ stress markedly lowered plant
fresh and dry weights, leaf contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids, rates of transpiration
(Tr), net photosynthesis (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs), relative water content
(RWC), and membrane stability index (MSI). In contrast, contents of α.tochopherol
(α.TOC), ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), proline, soluble sugars, Cd2+, and
Pb2+, as well as activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were markedly
elevated. The application of HM-RB promoted the tolerance to heavy metal stress in
spinach plants by improving Tr, Pn, gs, RWC, and MSI, while activities of enzymatic
and non-enzymatic antioxidants were suppressed. These results reflected positively
in promoting plant growth under heavy metal stress. Therefore, the application of
HM-RB as potential bioremediators may be a promising strategy for promoting plant
growth and productivity under heavy metal stress.