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      Persistencia a los inhibidores de la aromatasa en la cohorte SIDIAP: mortalidad e influencia de los bifosfonatos Translated title: Persistence to aromatase inhibitors in the SIDIAP cohort: mortality and influence of bisphosphonates

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivos Evaluar la persistencia a la terapia con inhibidores de la aromatasa (IA), la mortalidad asociada a la discontinuidad al tratamiento y la influencia de los bifosfonatos (BF) orales, en la práctica clínica habitual. Material y métodos Estudio prospectivo observacional de mujeres con cáncer de mama en tratamiento con IA entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2015, registradas en la base de datos SIDIAP. Se excluyeron aquellas tratadas previamente con tamoxifeno. Se estudió la persistencia al tratamiento con IA con un análisis de supervivencia: se calculó el estimador de Kaplan-Meier, y se realizó un modelo de los riesgos proporcionales (regresión de Cox) entre usuarias y no usuarias de BF ajustando por edad. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de sensibilidad teniendo en cuenta la mortalidad como riesgo competitivo (modelos de Fine y Gray). Se comparó la diferencia de mortalidad entre grupos mediante una prueba Chi cuadrado. Resultados Se observó una persistencia a los IA del 87% a 5 años de tratamiento, con una mortalidad global del 19,75%. Se registró un 7,7% menos de mortalidad en aquellas pacientes que completaron los 5 años de tratamiento respecto a las que no. Las pacientes con BF mostraron una disminución de la mortalidad (6,6%) y una disminución del riesgo de abandono de la terapia (SHR ajustado: 0,62 [IC 95%: 0,55 a 0,70]) respecto a las no usuarias. Conclusiones La permanencia a los IA y el uso de BF está asociada a una disminución de la mortalidad global. Además, el uso de BF resulta en un aumento de la adherencia al tratamiento con IA.

          Translated abstract

          Summary Objetive To assess the persistence of aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy, mortality associated with treatment discontinuation and the influence of oral bisphosphonates (BP) in routine clinical practice. Material and methods Prospective observational study of women with breast cancer undergoing AI treatment between January 2006 and December 2015, registered in the SIDIAP database. Those previously treated with tamoxifen were excluded. AI persistence was studied with a survival analysis: the Kaplan-Meier estimator was calculated, and a proportional hazards model (Cox regression) was performed between users and non-users of BP adjusting for age. A sensitivity analysis was carried out taking into account mortality as a competitive risk (Fine and Gray models). The difference in mortality between groups was compared using a Chi square test. Results A persistence to AI of 87% was observed after 5 years of treatment, with an overall mortality of 19.75%. There was 7.7% less mortality in those patients who completed the 5 years of treatment compared to those who did not. Patients with BP showed a decrease in mortality (6.6%) and a decrease in the risk of discontinuing therapy (adjusted SHR: 0.62 [95% CI: 0.55 to 0.70]) compared to non-users. Conclusions Persistence to AI and BP use are associated with a decrease in overall mortality. Furthermore, the use of BP increases adherence to AI treatment.

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          Most cited references32

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          Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen in early breast cancer: patient-level meta-analysis of the randomised trials.

          The optimal ways of using aromatase inhibitors or tamoxifen as endocrine treatment for early breast cancer remains uncertain.
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            A comparison of letrozole and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer.

            The aromatase inhibitor letrozole is a more effective treatment for metastatic breast cancer and more effective in the neoadjuvant setting than tamoxifen. We compared letrozole with tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for steroid-hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The Breast International Group (BIG) 1-98 study is a randomized, phase 3, double-blind trial that compared five years of treatment with various adjuvant endocrine therapy regimens in postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer: letrozole, letrozole followed by tamoxifen, tamoxifen, and tamoxifen followed by letrozole. This analysis compares the two groups assigned to receive letrozole initially with the two groups assigned to receive tamoxifen initially; events and follow-up in the sequential-treatment groups were included up to the time that treatments were switched. A total of 8010 women with data that could be assessed were enrolled, 4003 in the letrozole group and 4007 in the tamoxifen group. After a median follow-up of 25.8 months, 351 events had occurred in the letrozole group and 428 events in the tamoxifen group, with five-year disease-free survival estimates of 84.0 percent and 81.4 percent, respectively. As compared with tamoxifen, letrozole significantly reduced the risk of an event ending a period of disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.70 to 0.93; P=0.003), especially the risk of distant recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.88; P=0.001). Thromboembolism, endometrial cancer, and vaginal bleeding were more common in the tamoxifen group. Women given letrozole had a higher incidence of skeletal and cardiac events and of hypercholesterolemia. In postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive breast cancer, adjuvant treatment with letrozole, as compared with tamoxifen, reduced the risk of recurrent disease, especially at distant sites. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00004205.) Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Bisphosphonates: the first 40 years.

              R. Russell (2011)
              The first full publications on the biological effects of the diphosphonates, later renamed bisphosphonates, appeared in 1969, so it is timely after 40years to review the history of their development and their impact on clinical medicine. This special issue of BONE contains a series of review articles covering the basic science and clinical aspects of these drugs, written by some of many scientists who have participated in the advances made in this field. The discovery and development of the bisphosphonates (BPs) as a major class of drugs for the treatment of bone diseases has been a fascinating story, and is a paradigm of a successful journey from 'bench to bedside'. Bisphosphonates are chemically stable analogues of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), and it was studies on the role of PPi as the body's natural 'water softener' in the control of soft tissue and skeletal mineralisation that led to the need to find inhibitors of calcification that would resist hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase. The observation that PPi and BPs could not only retard the growth but also the dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals prompted studies on their ability to inhibit bone resorption. Although PPi was unable to do this, BPs turned out to be remarkably effective inhibitors of bone resorption, both in vitro and in vivo experimental systems, and eventually in humans. As ever more potent BPs were synthesised and studied, it became apparent that physico-chemical effects were insufficient to explain their biological effects, and that cellular actions must be involved. Despite many attempts, it was not until the 1990s that their biochemical actions were elucidated. It is now clear that bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption by being selectively taken up and adsorbed to mineral surfaces in bone, where they interfere with the action of the bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Bisphosphonates are internalised by osteoclasts and interfere with specific biochemical processes. Bisphosphonates can be classified into at least two groups with different molecular modes of action. The simpler non-nitrogen containing bisphosphonates (such as etidronate and clodronate) can be metabolically incorporated into non-hydrolysable analogues of ATP, which interfere with ATP-dependent intracellular pathways. The more potent, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (including pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronate) are not metabolised in this way but inhibit key enzymes of the mevalonate/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. The major enzyme target for bisphosphonates is farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), and the crystal structure elucidated for this enzyme reveals how BPs bind to and inhibit at the active site via their critical N atoms. Inhibition of FPPS prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds (notably farnesol and geranylgeraniol) that are required for the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins (which are also GTPases) such as rab, rho and rac, which are essential for intracellular signalling events within osteoclasts. The accumulation of the upstream metabolite, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), as a result of inhibition of FPPS may be responsible for immunomodulatory effects on gamma delta (γδ) T cells, and can also lead to production of another ATP metabolite called ApppI, which has intracellular actions. Effects on other cellular targets, such as osteocytes, may also be important. Over the years many hundreds of BPs have been made, and more than a dozen have been studied in man. As reviewed elsewhere in this issue, bisphosphonates are established as the treatments of choice for various diseases of excessive bone resorption, including Paget's disease of bone, the skeletal complications of malignancy, and osteoporosis. Several of the leading BPs have achieved 'block-buster' status with annual sales in excess of a billion dollars. As a class, BPs share properties in common. However, as with other classes of drugs, there are obvious chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological differences among the various BPs. Each BP has a unique profile in terms of mineral binding and cellular effects that may help to explain potential clinical differences among the BPs. Even though many of the well-established BPs have come or are coming to the end of their patent life, their use as cheaper generic drugs is likely to continue for many years to come. Furthermore in many areas, e.g. in cancer therapy, the way they are used is not yet optimised. New 'designer' BPs continue to be made, and there are several interesting potential applications in other areas of medicine, with unmet medical needs still to be fulfilled. The adventure that began in Davos more than 40 years ago is not yet over. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                romm
                Revista de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral
                Rev Osteoporos Metab Miner
                Sociedad Española de Investigaciones Óseas y Metabolismo Mineral (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1889-836X
                2173-2345
                September 2020
                : 12
                : 3
                : 87-91
                Affiliations
                [02] Barcelona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat Autónoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Hospital del Mar orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Interna Spain
                [03] Barcelona orgnameInstituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas orgdiv1Departamento de Oncología Médica España
                [05] Oxford orgnameUniversidad de Oxford orgdiv1Centro de Estadística en Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Ortopedia, Reumatología y Ciencias Musculoesquelética de Nuffield Reino Unido
                [04] Barcelona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat Autónoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Instituto de Salud Carlos III orgdiv2Instituto Universitario de Investigación Spain
                [01] Barcelona orgnameInstituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas orgdiv1Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable España
                Article
                S1889-836X2020000300003 S1889-836X(20)01200300003
                10.4321/s1889-836x2020000300003
                4643e1de-500f-44b8-8ed4-000ef2908b0c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 September 2020
                : 22 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 5
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                SciELO Spain

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                inhibidores de la aromatasa,aromatase inhibitors,bifosfonatos,cáncer de mama,persistencia,breast cancer,persistence,bisphosphonates,mortalidad,mortality

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