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      Incidencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en la comunidad y su impacto en la primera semana de reapertura de colegios en Cataluña Translated title: Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its impact on the first week of reopening schools in Catalonia

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          How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?

          During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.
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            Two metres or one: what is the evidence for physical distancing in covid-19?

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              Is Open Access

              COVID-19 and the re-opening of schools: a policy maker’s dilemma

              The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread across the world. In order to counter this epidemic, several countries put in place different restrictive measures, such as the school’s closure and a total lockdown. However, as the knowledge on the disease progresses, clinical evidence showed that children mainly have asymptomatic or mild disease and it has been suggested that they are also less likely to spread the virus. Moreover, the lockdown and the school closure could have negative consequences on children, affecting their social life, their education and their mental health. As many countries have already entered or are planning a phase of gradual lifting of the containment measures of social distancing, it seems plausible that the re-opening of nursery schools and primary schools could be considered a policy to be implemented at an early stage of recovery efforts, putting in place measures to do it safely, such as the maintenance of social distance, the reorganisation of classes into smaller groups, the provision of adequate sanitization of spaces, furniture and toys, the prompt identification of cases in the school environment and their tracing. Therefore, policy makers have the task of balancing pros and cons of the school re-opening strategy, taking into account psychological, educational and social consequences for children and their families. Another issue to be considered is represented by socio-economic disparities and inequalities which could be amplified by school’s closure.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Gac Sanit
                Gac Sanit
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                SESPAS. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.
                0213-9111
                1578-1283
                13 October 2020
                13 October 2020
                Affiliations
                [a ]Grupo de Investigación Salud Global, Género y Sociedad (GHenderS), Blanquerna-Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, España
                [b ]Programme in Evidence Based Health Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, Reino Unido
                [c ]Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, España
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor para correspondencia.
                Article
                S0213-9111(20)30226-0
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.09.007
                7553001
                467d3735-6a71-40cb-b72d-104304152efb
                © 2020 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 21 September 2020
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