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      Estudio exploratorio de la participación en proyectos de investigación en Farmacias Comunitarias Translated title: Patient participation in research projects in Community Pharmacies: an exploratory study

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: En los últimos años ha habido un incremento de la participación de farmacias comunitarias en proyectos de investigación. El reclutamiento de pacientes juega un papel clave en el éxito de las investigaciones. Se han identificado barreras y facilitadores que promueven dicho reclutamiento por parte de los farmacéuticos, pero poco es sabido sobre la influencia de factores relacionados con los proyectos de investigación. El objetivo de este trabajo es observar la participación en diferentes investigaciones llevadas a cabo en farmacias comunitarias e identificar las variables propias de los estudios que puedan estar asociadas con la participación. Método: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico experimental en 12 farmacias comunitarias que formaron parte de 4 proyectos de investigación. Se registró el número de pacientes que aceptaron/rechazaron participar. Se recogieron variables relacionadas con el estudio ofrecido y las farmacias. Se realizó un análisis bivariante mediante la prueba Chi-Cuadrado de Pearson y un análisis de los riesgos. Resultados: La participación total fue del 90,44% (n=558). El tipo de estudio (OR=2,64; 95%IC=1,47-4,75; transversal vs pragmático), el tipo de medida aplicada (OR=2,47; 95%IC=1,43-4,36), la aplicación de zona de atención personalizada (ZAP) (OR=2,49; 95%IC=1,44-4,39), y la solicitud de datos personales (OR=2,53; 95%IC=1,47-4,42) mostraron asociación con la participación en los PI (p<0,05). Conclusiones: La participación por parte de los pacientes en proyectos de investigación es elevado y parece depender de factores propios del estudio aplicado.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Over the last years there has been an increase in community pharmacy participation in research projects. Patient recruitment plays a key role in the research project success. Pharmacists’ barriers and enablers of recruitment have been identified, but little is known about the influence of research project-related factors. The aim of this paper is to explore patient participation in different studies conducted in community pharmacies and to identify study-specific factors that may be associated with it. Method: An experimental multicenter study was performed in 12 community pharmacies participating in 4 research projects. The number of patients who accepted/refused to participate was recorded. Variables related to each offered study and the project were collected. A bivariate analysis using Pearson’s Chi-Square test and a risk analysis were performed. Results: Participation rate was 90.44% (n=558). Study type (OR=2.64; 95%IC=1.47-4.75; cross-sectional vs pragmatic), the type of measurement applied (OR=2.47; 95%CI=1.43-4.36), the use of a personalized care area (PCA) (OR=2.49; 95%CI=1.44-4.39), and personal data request (OR=2.53; 95%CI=1.47-4.42) showed association with participation in the RP (p<0.05). Conclusions: Patient participation in research projects is high and appears to rely on study-specific factors.

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          Barriers to participation in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review.

          A systematic review of three bibliographic databases from 1986 to 1996 identified 78 papers reporting barriers to recruitment of clinicians and patients to randomised controlled trials. Clinician barriers included: time constraints, lack of staff and training, worry about the impact on the doctor-patient relationship, concern for patients, loss of professional autonomy, difficulty with the consent procedure, lack of rewards and recognition, and an insufficiently interesting question. Patient barriers included: additional demands of the trial, patient preferences, worry caused by uncertainty, and concerns about information and consent. To overcome barriers to clinician recruitment, the trial should address an important research question and the protocol and data collection should be as straightforward as possible. The demands on clinicians and patients should be kept to a minimum. Dedicated research staff may be required to support clinical staff and patients. The recruitment aspects of a randomised controlled trial should be carefully planned and piloted. Further work is needed to quantify the extent of problems associated with clinician and patient participation, and proper evaluation is required of strategies to overcome barriers.
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            Interventions to improve recruitment and retention in clinical trials: a survey and workshop to assess current practice and future priorities

            Background Despite significant investment in infrastructure many trials continue to face challenges in recruitment and retention. We argue that insufficient focus has been placed on the development and testing of recruitment and retention interventions. Methods In this current paper, we summarize existing reviews about interventions to improve recruitment and retention. We report survey data from Clinical Trials Units in the United Kingdom to indicate the range of interventions used by these units to encourage recruitment and retention. We present the views of participants in a recent workshop and a priority list of recruitment interventions for evaluation (determined by voting among workshop participants). We also discuss wider issues concerning the testing of recruitment interventions. Results Methods used to encourage recruitment and retention were categorized as: patient contact, patient convenience, support for recruiters, monitoring and systems, incentives, design, resources, and human factors. Interventions felt to merit investigation by respondents fell into three categories: training site staff, communication with patients, and incentives. Conclusions Significant resources continue to be invested into clinical trials and other high quality studies, but recruitment remains a significant challenge. Adoption of innovative methods to develop, test, and implement recruitment interventions are required. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-399) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Review of community pharmacy services: what is being performed, and where are the opportunities for improvement?

              Objective The aim of this review was to assess pharmacist and pharmacy services being provided and identify opportunities to improve patient satisfaction. Methods Studies published between January 2006 and July 2016 examining patient satisfaction with pharmacy and pharmacist services, which were written in English, were identified in PubMed. Studies were excluded if they only looked at pharmacy student-provided services. Key findings A total of 50 studies were ultimately included in the review. Of these studies, 28 examined services traditionally provided by community pharmacists such as dispensing and counseling, while 16 examined a new in-person service being offered by a pharmacy, and the remaining six involved a new technology-assisted service. While study findings were generally positive for patient satisfaction of pharmacy services, several opportunities were identified for pharmacies to improve. Conclusion Overall, patient satisfaction is high across pharmacy services; however, this satisfaction is related to prior patient exposure to services and their level of expectation. Pharmacists have multiple opportunities to improve the services they provide, and there are additional services pharmacists may consider offering to expand their role within the health care system.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ars
                Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet)
                Ars Pharm
                Universidad de Granada (Granada, Granada, Spain )
                2340-9894
                June 2022
                : 63
                : 2
                : 144-151
                Affiliations
                [3] Melilla orgnameServicios Médicos Penitenciarios Spain
                [5] Granada orgnameHospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves orgdiv1Unidad de Farmacogenética España
                [4] Aldeadávila de la Ribera Salamanca orgnameCentro de salud Aldaeadávila de la Ribera España
                [1] Granada Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Granada orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia Spain
                [2] Salamanca orgnameFarmacia Puente Ladrillo España
                Article
                S2340-98942022000200144 S2340-9894(22)06300200144
                10.30827/ars.v63i2.23641
                4686fb91-d595-4356-9c7f-f2c878f9de08

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 January 2022
                : 13 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                Sujetos de investigación,Patient participation,Farmacia Comunitaria,Participación del paciente,Community pharmacy,Research subjects

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