Pharmacological effects of gallic acid in health and diseases: A mechanistic review

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Abstract

Objective(s):

Gallic acid is a natural phenolic compound found in several fruits and medicinal plants. It is reported to have several health-promoting effects. This review aims to summarize the pharmacological and biological activities of gallic acid in vitro and animal models to depict the pharmacological status of this compound for future studies.

Materials and Methods:

All relevant papers in the English language were collected up to June 2018. The keywords of gallic acid, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, gastrointestinal-, cardiovascular-, metabolic-, neuropsychological-, and miscellaneous- diseases were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus.

Results:

Several beneficial effects are reported for gallic acid, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic properties. This compound has been reported to have therapeutic activities in gastrointestinal, neuropsychological, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders.

Conclusion:

Current evidence confirms the pharmacological and therapeutic interventions of gallic acid in multiple health complications; however, available data are limited to just cellular and animal studies. Future investigations are essential to further define the safety and therapeutic efficacy of gallic acid in humans.

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Most cited references 133

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Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification.

Charles M. Balch, Jeffrey Gershenwald, Seng-jaw Soong … (2010)

To revise the staging system for cutaneous melanoma on the basis of data from an expanded American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Melanoma Staging Database. The melanoma staging recommendations were made on the basis of a multivariate analysis of 30,946 patients with stages I, II, and III melanoma and 7,972 patients with stage IV melanoma to revise and clarify TNM classifications and stage grouping criteria. Findings and new definitions include the following: (1) in patients with localized melanoma, tumor thickness, mitotic rate (histologically defined as mitoses/mm(2)), and ulceration were the most dominant prognostic factors. (2) Mitotic rate replaces level of invasion as a primary criterion for defining T1b melanomas. (3) Among the 3,307 patients with regional metastases, components that defined the N category were the number of metastatic nodes, tumor burden, and ulceration of the primary melanoma. (4) For staging purposes, all patients with microscopic nodal metastases, regardless of extent of tumor burden, are classified as stage III. Micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry are specifically included. (5) On the basis of a multivariate analysis of patients with distant metastases, the two dominant components in defining the M category continue to be the site of distant metastases (nonvisceral v lung v all other visceral metastatic sites) and an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase level. Using an evidence-based approach, revisions to the AJCC melanoma staging system have been made that reflect our improved understanding of this disease. These revisions will be formally incorporated into the seventh edition (2009) of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual and implemented by early 2010.

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Berry phenolics: antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of action against severe human pathogens.

Liisa J. Nohynek, Hanna-Leena Alakomi, Marja Kähkönen … (2006)

Antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of phenolic extracts of 12 Nordic berries were studied against selected human pathogenic microbes. The most sensitive bacteria on berry phenolics were Helicobacter pylori and Bacillus cereus. Campylobacter jejuni and Candida albicans were inhibited only with phenolic extracts of cloudberry, raspberry, and strawberry, which all were rich in ellagitannins. Cloudberry extract gave strong microbicidic effects on the basis of plate count with all studied strains. However, fluorescence staining of liquid cultures of virulent Salmonella showed viable cells not detectable by plate count adhering to cloudberry extract, whereas Staphylococcus aureus cells adhered to berry extracts were dead on the basis of their fluorescence and plate count. Phenolic extracts of cloudberry and raspberry disintegrated the outer membrane of examined Salmonella strains as indicated by 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN) uptake increase and analysis of liberation of [14C]galactose- lipopolysaccharide. Gallic acid effectively permeabilized the tested Salmonella strains, and significant increase in the NPN uptake was recorded. The stability of berry phenolics and their antimicrobial activity in berries stored frozen for a year were examined using Escherichia coli and nonvirulent Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium. The amount of phenolic compounds decreased in all berries, but their antimicrobial activity was not influenced accordingly. Cloudberry, in particular, showed constantly strong antimicrobial activity during the storage.

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Anti-inflammatory activity of gallic acid.

H Kroes, Hans J Berkel, R P Labadie … (1992)

Gallic acid was found to possess antiinflammatory activity towards zymosan-induced acute food pad swelling in mice. In vitro studies on the mode of action of gallic acid revealed that this compound interferes with the functioning of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Scavenging of superoxide anions, inhibition of myeloperoxidase release and activity as well as a possible interference with the assembly of active NADPH-oxidase may account for the inhibition of inflammatory process by gallic acid. Structure-activity relationship analysis showed that the o-dihydroxy group of gallic acid is important for the inhibitory activity in vitro.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Basic Med Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran J Basic Med Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijbms

Title: Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences

Publisher: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Mashhad, Iran )

ISSN (Print): 2008-3866

ISSN (Electronic): 2008-3874

Publication date (Print): March 2019

Volume: 22

Issue: 3

Pages: 225-237

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

[2 ]PhytoPharmacology Interest Group, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran

[3 ]Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

[4 ]Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[5 ]Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

[6 ]Department of Pharmacy in Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[7 ]Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

[8 ]Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran

[9 ]Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[10 ]Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

[11 ]Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author: Mohammad Hosein Farzaei. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Tel: +98-833-8250271; Email: mh_farzaei@kums.ac.ir

Article

DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.32806.7897

PMC ID: 6528712

PubMed ID: 31156781

SO-VID: 469ec651-feef-4db1-a760-8aa43d791d98

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Pharmacological effects of gallic acid in health and diseases: A mechanistic review

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Abstract

Objective(s):

Materials and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Related collections

International Journal of Applied Technology in Medical Sciences

Most cited references 133

Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification.

Berry phenolics: antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of action against severe human pathogens.

Anti-inflammatory activity of gallic acid.

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