The effects of prenatal stress, and of prenatal alcohol and nicotine exposure, on human sexual orientation

Ellis, Lee; Cole-Harding, Shirley

doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00564-9

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The effects of prenatal stress, and of prenatal alcohol and nicotine exposure, on human sexual orientation

Author(s): Lee Ellis , Shirley Cole-Harding

Publication date Created: September 2001

Publication date (Print): September 2001

Journal: Physiology & Behavior

Publisher: Elsevier BV

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Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: a theory of homosexuality-heterosexuality.

Ryan Ames, James Ellis (1987)

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Prenatal stress feminizes and demasculinizes the behavior of males.

Naomi Ward (1972)

Male rats were exposed to prenatal or postnatal stress, or both. The prenatally stressed males showed low levels of male copulatory behavior and high rates of female lordotic responding. Postnatal stress had no effect. The modifications are attributed to stress-mediated alterations in the ratio of adrenal to gonadal androgens during critical stages of sexual differentiation. Specifically, it appears that stress causes an increase in the weak adrenal androgen, androstenedione, from the maternal or fetal adrenal cortices, or from both, and a concurrent decrease in the potent gonadal androgen, testosterone.