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      Hypophosphatemic Rickets as a Key Sign for the Diagnosis of Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1: Case Reports and Narrative Review of the Literature Translated title: Raquitismo hipofosfatémico como un signo clave para el diagnóstico de la tirosinemia hereditaria tipo 1: Reporte de casos y revisión narrativa de la literatura

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in tyrosine (tyr) degradation. This defect results in the accumulation of succinylacetone (SA), causing liver failure with a high risk of hepatocarcinoma and kidney injury, leading in turn to Fanconi syndrome with urine loss of phosphate and secondary hypophosphatemic rickets (HR). HT-1 diagnosis is usually made in infants with acute or chronic liver failure or by neonatal screening programs. HR is rarely described in the literature as the main feature or chief complaint of patients with HT-1. Clinical cases: We present three children who presented signs of HR during infancy. Patient 1 had early liver dysfunction, leading to a quick diagnosis of HT-1. Patients 2 and 3 started conventional therapy for HR (calcitriol and oral phosphate) with partial clinical response. Later, both developed liver dysfunction, and patient 3 presented neurological symptoms (porphyria-like crises). An HT-1 diagnosis was made using tandem mass spectrometry, which confirmed high plasma levels of SA and tyr. After diagnosis, all started treatment with a specific diet and nitisinone with prompt recovery and a quick remission of clinical signs of HR, being able to discontinue their conventional rickets therapy successfully. Conclusion: We present three patients with HT-1 whose main complaint was HR. It is important to know the main features of this metabolic disorder and have a high index of suspicion when we follow-up children with HR, especially if they are not responding to conventional therapy or develop liver dysfunction.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN La tirosinemia hereditaria tipo 1 (HT-1) es un error innato del metabolismo causado por un defecto en la degradación de la tirosina (tyr), dando lugar a la acumulación de succinilacetona (SA) que provoca insuficiencia hepática con alto riesgo de carcinoma hepatocelular y daño renal, lo que puede conducir al síndrome de Fanconi con pérdida urinaria de fosfato y raquitismo hipofosfatémico (HR) secundario. El diagnóstico de HT-1 generalmente se realiza en bebés con insuficiencia hepática aguda o crónica o mediante programas de detección neonatal. El HR rara vez se describe como el singo principal de los pacientes con HT-1. Casos clínicos: Presentamos tres niños con signos de HR durante su periodo infantil. El primer paciente tuvo disfunción hepática temprana que llevó a un diagnóstico rápido de HT-1. Los otros 2 pacientes iniciaron terapia convencional para HR con respuesta clínica parcial. Posteriormente ambos desarrollaron disfunción hepática y el tercero presentó crisis tipo porfiria. El diagnóstico de HT-1 se realizó mediante espectrometría de masas que confirmó niveles plasmáticos elevados de SA y tyr. Tras el diagnóstico, todos iniciaron tratamiento con dieta específica y nitisinona con pronta recuperación y rápida remisión de los signos de HR, logrando suspender con éxito el tratamiento convencional. Conclusión: Presentamos tres pacientes con HTA-1 cuya principal queja fue el HR. Es importante conocer las principales características de este trastorno metabólico y tener un alto índice de sospecha en el seguimiento de niños con HR, especialmente si no responden a la terapia convencional o desarrollan disfunción hepática.

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          Most cited references33

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          Diagnosis and treatment of tyrosinemia type I: a US and Canadian consensus group review and recommendations

          Tyrosinemia type I (hepatorenal tyrosinemia, HT-1) is an autosomal recessive condition resulting in hepatic failure with comorbidities involving the renal and neurologic systems and long term risks for hepatocellular carcinoma. An effective medical treatment with 2-[2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC) exists but requires early identification of affected children for optimal long-term results. Newborn screening (NBS) utilizing blood succinylacetone as the NBS marker is superior to observing tyrosine levels as a way of identifying neonates with HT-1. If identified early and treated appropriately, the majority of affected infants can remain asymptomatic. A clinical management scheme is needed for infants with HT-1 identified by NBS or clinical symptoms. To this end, a group of 11 clinical practitioners, including eight biochemical genetics physicians, two metabolic dietitian nutritionists, and a clinical psychologist, from the United States and Canada, with experience in providing care for patients with HT-1, initiated an evidence- and consensus-based process to establish uniform recommendations for identification and treatment of HT-1. Recommendations were developed from a literature review, practitioner management survey, and nominal group process involving two face-to-face meetings. There was strong consensus in favor of NBS for HT-1, using blood succinylacetone as a marker, followed by diagnostic confirmation and early treatment with NTBC and diet. Consensus recommendations for both immediate and long-term clinical follow-up of positive diagnoses via both newborn screening and clinical symptomatic presentation are provided.
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            Hereditary tyrosinemia type I: a new clinical classification with difference in prognosis on dietary treatment.

            Hereditary tyrosinemia type I (McKusick 27670) is a heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis, yet there are few reports of the long-term prognosis. It is therefore difficult to decide on the treatment for individual patients. We have conducted an international survey of patients with tyrosinemia type I and examined the probability of survival on dietary treatment and the causes of death in 108 patients with tyrosinemia type I. The survival after the onset of symptoms varied with the age at onset; the earlier the symptoms developed the poorer the outlook. Liver failure and recurrent bleeding (67%), hepatocellular carcinoma (17%) and the porphyria-like syndrome with respiratory failure (10%) were the most common causes of death. The 1- and 2-yr survival probability after the onset of symptoms in patients in whom symptoms developed before 2 mo, between 2 and 6 mo and after 6 mo were 38%/29%, 74%/74% and 96%/96%, respectively. On the basis of these survival rates, a new classification--which is important with respect to choices in treatment--is proposed: very early (onset of symptoms 6 mo).
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              On the enzymic defects in hereditary tyrosinemia.

              The activity of the enzyme porphobilinogen synthase (EC 4.2.1.24) in erythrocytes from patients with hereditary tyrosinemia was less than 5% of that in a control group and the activity in liver tissue was less than 1% of the reported normal activity. Urine from patients with hereditary tyrosinemia contained an inhibitor that was isolated and identified as succinylacetone (4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid) by gas/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fresh urine samples contained succinylacetoacetate (3,5-dioxooctanedioic acid) as well as succinylacetone. The inhibition of porphobilinogen synthase explains the high excretion of 5-aminolevulinate observed in hereditary tyrosinemia. Succinylacetone and succinylacetoacetate presumably originate from maleylacetoacetate or fumarylacetoacetate, or both, and their accumulation indicates a block at the fumarylacetoacetase (EC 3.7.1.2) step in the degradation of tyrosine. We suggest that the severe liver and kidney damage in hereditary tyrosinemia may be due to the accumulation of these tyrosine metabolites and that the primary enzyme defect in hereditary tyrosinemia may be decreased activity of fumarylacetoacetase.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmc
                Revista médica de Chile
                Rev. méd. Chile
                Sociedad Médica de Santiago (Santiago, , Chile )
                0034-9887
                September 2024
                : 152
                : 9
                : 997-1007
                Affiliations
                [1] Santiago orgnameHospital de Niños Dr. Roberto del Río Chile
                [2] Santiago orgnameHospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán Chile
                [3] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos Chile
                [4] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile Chile
                [5] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile Chile
                Article
                S0034-98872024000900997 S0034-9887(24)15200900997
                10.4067/s0034-98872024000900997
                46ca00ac-ca33-4a57-aaab-078a593ad69f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 August 2024
                : 30 October 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                REVIEW ARTICLES

                Hypophosphatemia,Case Reports,Rickets,Tyrosinemias,Hipofosfatemia,Informes de Casos,Raquitismo,Tirosinemias

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