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      Recent Advances in Fluorescence Lifetime Analytical Microsystems: Contact Optics and CMOS Time-Resolved Electronics

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          Abstract

          Fluorescence spectroscopy has become a prominent research tool with wide applications in medical diagnostics and bio-imaging. However, the realization of combined high-performance, portable, and low-cost spectroscopic sensors still remains a challenge, which has limited the technique to the laboratories. A fluorescence lifetime measurement seeks to obtain the characteristic lifetime from the fluorescence decay profile. Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) and time-gated techniques are two key variations of time-resolved measurements. However, commercial time-resolved analysis systems typically contain complex optics and discrete electronic components, which lead to bulkiness and a high cost. These two limitations can be significantly mitigated using contact sensing and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) implementation. Contact sensing simplifies the optics, whereas CMOS technology enables on-chip, arrayed detection and signal processing, significantly reducing size and power consumption. This paper examines recent advances in contact sensing and CMOS time-resolved circuits for the realization of fully integrated fluorescence lifetime measurement microsystems. The high level of performance from recently reported prototypes suggests that the CMOS-based contact sensing microsystems are emerging as sound technologies for application-specific, low-cost, and portable time-resolved diagnostic devices.

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          Crystal Structure of the Aequorea victoria Green Fluorescent Protein

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            Advanced Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Techniques

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              Optical imaging techniques for point-of-care diagnostics.

              Improving access to effective and affordable healthcare has long been a global endeavor. In this quest, the development of cost-effective and easy-to-use medical testing equipment that enables rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to reduce the time and costs associated with healthcare services. To this end, point-of-care (POC) diagnostics plays a crucial role in healthcare delivery in both developed and developing countries by bringing medical testing to patients, or to sites near patients. As the diagnosis of a wide range of diseases, including various types of cancers and many endemics, relies on optical techniques, numerous compact and cost-effective optical imaging platforms have been developed in recent years for use at the POC. Here, we review the state-of-the-art optical imaging techniques that can have a significant impact on global health by facilitating effective and affordable POC diagnostics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                04 December 2017
                December 2017
                : 17
                : 12
                : 2800
                Affiliations
                Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; weiliping1988@ 123456gmail.com (L.W.); wenroyan-f@ 123456staff.cityu.edu.hk (W.Y.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: derekho@ 123456cityu.edu.hk ; Tel.: +852-3442-4617
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4453-682X
                Article
                sensors-17-02800
                10.3390/s17122800
                5751615
                29207568
                46e15fbc-0dc2-4606-87a9-40e5a15e121e
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 02 November 2017
                : 01 December 2017
                Categories
                Review

                Biomedical engineering
                contact sensing,cmos,fluorescence spectroscopy,time-resolved,time-gated,tcspc,microsystems,lab-on-a-chip

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