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      Chromosome numbers, meiotic abnormalities, and 2n pollen formation in accessions of the wild species Chrysolaena flexuosa (Vernonieae, Compositae) from its distribution range in Argentina

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          Abstract

          Chrysolaena flexuosa is a South American species of potential ornamental value (basic chromosome number of x=10). Diploid (n=10) and tetraploid (n=20) cytotypes have been reported for its distribution area, although one hexaploid (n=30-32ca.) cytotype has been reported for its most southern distribution. To investigate if ploidy and latitude are positively related in Ch. flexuosa natural populations and if sexual polyploidization could have had a role in the origin of the polyploid cytotypes, we determined chromosome numbers, DNA content, and pollen viability and size, and analyzed microsporogenesis in samples of seven Argentinian accessions. Two of the northeastern accessions were diploid and one was tetraploid, whereas the four southeastern accessions were hexaploid. Ploidy levels determined both by chromosome countings and flow cytometry coincided, although monoploid genome size significantly decreased with increasing ploidy. In all accessions, variability was observed for pollen viability and size, as well as for large (presumably 2n) pollen production. This variability was underlined by abnormal cytological events in meiosis and at the tetrad stage (lagging chromosomes, parallel spindles, triads). The results would indicate that there is, apparently, a positive relation between ploidy and latitude, and suggest a likely role of sexual polyploidization in the origin, establishment and expansion of Ch. flexuosa populations.

          Translated abstract

          Chrysolaena flexuosa es una especie sudamericana de potencial valor ornamental. Para el área principal de su distribución fueron reportados citotipos diploides (n=10) y tetraploides (n=20) mientras que para el área más austral sólo existe un registro correspondiente a un citotipo hexaploide (n=30-32ca.). Para investigar, en poblaciones naturales de Ch. flexuosa, una relación positiva entre la ploidía y la latitud y la posible participación de la poliploidización sexual en el origen de los citotipos poliploides, se determinó, en siete introducciones argentinas, el número cromosómico, contenido de ADN y tamaño y viabilidad de polen y se analizó la microesporogénesis. Las introducciones del noreste resultaron diploides y tetraploides mientras que las introducciones del sudeste resultaron hexaploides. El nivel de ploidía determinado a partir de conteos cromosómicos coincidió con lo obtenido mediante citometría de flujo; el tamaño genómico se redujo significativamente con la ploidía. Todas las introducciones presentaron variabilidad en viabilidad y tamaño de polen así como producción de granos grandes (presumiblemente polen 2n). Esta variabilidad fue acompañada por eventos citológicos anormales en meiosis y en el estadio de tétrada. Los resultados evidencian una potencial relación entre la ploidía y la latitud y la posibilidad de poliploidización sexual en el origen, establecimiento y expansión de las poblaciones de Ch. flexuosa.

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          Economic reasons for conserving wild nature.

          On the eve of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, it is timely to assess progress over the 10 years since its predecessor in Rio de Janeiro. Loss and degradation of remaining natural habitats has continued largely unabated. However, evidence has been accumulating that such systems generate marked economic benefits, which the available data suggest exceed those obtained from continued habitat conversion. We estimate that the overall benefit:cost ratio of an effective global program for the conservation of remaining wild nature is at least 100:1.
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            Polyploidy and Novelty in Flowering Plants

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              Polyploid incidence and evolution.

              Changes in ploidy occurred early in the diversification of some animal and plant lineages and represent an ongoing phenomenon in others. While the prevalence of polyploid lineages indicates that this phenomenon is a common and successful evolutionary transition, whether polyploidization itself has a significant effect on patterns and rates of diversification remains an open question. Here we review evidence for the creative role of polyploidy in evolution. We present new estimates for the incidence of polyploidy in ferns and flowering plants based on a simple model describing transitions between odd and even base chromosome numbers. These new estimates indicate that ploidy changes may represent from 2 to 4% of speciation events in flowering plants and 7% in ferns. Speciation via polyploidy is likely to be one of the more predominant modes of sympatric speciation in plants, owing to its potentially broad-scale effects on gene regulation and developmental processes, effects that can produce immediate shifts in morphology, breeding system, and ecological tolerances. Theoretical models support the potential for increased adaptability in polyploid lineages. The evidence suggests that polyploidization can produce shifts in genetic systems and phenotypes that have the potential to result in increased evolutionary diversification, yet conclusive evidence that polyploidy has changed rates and patterns of diversification remains elusive.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bsab
                Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica
                Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot.
                Sociedad Argentina de Botánica (Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina )
                1851-2372
                December 2017
                : 52
                : 4
                : 737-752
                Affiliations
                [02] Balcarce Buenos Aires orgnameUNMdP-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) orgdiv1FCA orgdiv2Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Domingo R. Pasquale Argentina
                [01] Balcarce Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (FCA) Argentina
                Article
                S1851-23722017000400010
                46eefada-741c-4283-a3ed-560dab105979

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 59, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Citotipos poliploides,Meiotic abnormalities,Flow cytometry,Polen 2n,Polyploid cytotypes,Abnormal spindle orientation,DNA content,Contenido de ADN,Orientación anormal de los husos,Citometría de flujo,2n pollen,Anormalidades meióticas

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