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      Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels

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          Abstract

          Intensification or abandonment of agricultural land use has led to a severe decline of semi-natural habitats across Europe. This can cause immediate loss of species but also time-delayed extinctions, known as the extinction debt. In a pan-European study of 147 fragmented grassland remnants, we found differences in the extinction debt of species from different trophic levels. Present-day species richness of long-lived vascular plant specialists was better explained by past than current landscape patterns, indicating an extinction debt. In contrast, short-lived butterfly specialists showed no evidence for an extinction debt at a time scale of c. 40 years. Our results indicate that management strategies maintaining the status quo of fragmented habitats are insufficient, as time-delayed extinctions and associated co-extinctions will lead to further biodiversity loss in the future.

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          Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100.

          O. E. Sala, F S Chapin, J. J. Armesto … (2000)
          Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.
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            Synergies among extinction drivers under global change.

            Barry W Brook, Navjot Sodhi, Corey J. A. Bradshaw (2008)
            If habitat destruction or overexploitation of populations is severe, species loss can occur directly and abruptly. Yet the final descent to extinction is often driven by synergistic processes (amplifying feedbacks) that can be disconnected from the original cause of decline. We review recent observational, experimental and meta-analytic work which together show that owing to interacting and self-reinforcing processes, estimates of extinction risk for most species are more severe than previously recognised. As such, conservation actions which only target single-threat drivers risk being inadequate because of the cascading effects caused by unmanaged synergies. Future work should focus on how climate change will interact with and accelerate ongoing threats to biodiversity, such as habitat degradation, overexploitation and invasive species.
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              Comparative losses of British butterflies, birds, and plants and the global extinction crisis.

              J Thomas, M G Telfer, D. Roy … (2004)
              There is growing concern about increased population, regional, and global extinctions of species. A key question is whether extinction rates for one group of organisms are representative of other taxa. We present a comparison at the national scale of population and regional extinctions of birds, butterflies, and vascular plants from Britain in recent decades. Butterflies experienced the greatest net losses, disappearing on average from 13% of their previously occupied 10-kilometer squares. If insects elsewhere in the world are similarly sensitive, the known global extinction rates of vertebrate and plant species have an unrecorded parallel among the invertebrates, strengthening the hypothesis that the natural world is experiencing the sixth major extinction event in its history.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ecol Lett
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ele
                Title: Ecology Letters
                Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
                ISSN (Print): 1461-023X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1461-0248
                Publication date (Print): May 2010
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 597-605
                Affiliations
                [1 ]simplePopulation Ecology Group, Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30 D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
                [2 ]simpleDepartment of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
                [3 ]simpleCREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Autonomous University of Barcelona E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
                [4 ]simpleFinnish Environment Institute, Research Programme for Biodiversity P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
                [5 ]simpleInstitute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu Lai 40, Tartu 511005, Tartu, Estonia
                [6 ]simpleDepartment of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
                [7 ]simpleButterfly Monitoring Scheme, Museu de Granollers de Ciències Naturals, Francesc Macià 51, E-08402 Granollers, Spain
                Author notes
                *Correspondence: E-mail: jochen.krauss@ 123456uni-bayreuth.de

                Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Terms and Conditions set out at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/authorresources/onlineopen.html

                Article
                DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x
                PMC ID: 2871172
                PubMed ID: 20337698
                SO-VID: 471e67b0-b019-4e89-96bd-b36aeb03cb39
                Copyright © Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS
                License:

                Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.

                History
                Date received : 21 October 2009
                Date revision received : 17 November 2009
                Date accepted : 14 January 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Letters

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ecology
                Keywords: conservation,extinction cascades,extinction debt,grassland communities,habitat loss,habitat management,landscape change,relaxation time,species longevity
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ecology
                Keywords: conservation, extinction cascades, extinction debt, grassland communities, habitat loss, habitat management, landscape change, relaxation time, species longevity

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