Design and Fabrication of Helmholtz Coils to Study the Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Healing Process in Periodontitis: Preliminary Animal Results

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Abstract

Background: Effects of electromagnetic fields on healing have been investigated for centuries. Substantial data indicate that exposure to electromagnetic field can lead to enhanced healing in both soft and hard tissues. Helmholtz coils are devices that generate pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF).

Objective : In this work, a pair of Helmholtz coils for enhancing the healing process in periodontitis was designed and fabricated.

Method: An identical pair of square Helmholtz coils generated the 50 Hz magnetic field. This device was made up of two parallel coaxial circular coils (100 turns in each loop, wound in series) which were separated from each other by a distance equal to the radius of one coil (12.5 cm). The windings of our Helmholtz coil was made of standard 0.95mm wire to provide the maximum possible current. The coil was powered by a function generator.

Results: The Helmholtz Coils generated a uniform magnetic field between its coils. The magnetic field strength at the center of the space between two coils was 97.6 μT. Preliminary biological studies performed on rats show that exposure of laboratory animals to pulsed electromagnetic fields enhanced the healing of periodontitis.

Conclusion: Exposure to PEMFs can lead to stimulatory physiological effects on cells and tissues such as enhanced healing of periodontitis.

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Most cited references 55

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Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases.

Eline van Meel, M Tonetti, (2013)

This consensus report is concerned with the association between periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease caused by microorganisms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth supporting apparatus leading to tooth loss; as such, it is a major public health issue. This report examined biological plausibility, epidemiology and early results from intervention trials. PLAUSIBILITY: Periodontitis leads to entry of bacteria in the blood stream. The bacteria activate the host inflammatory response by multiple mechanisms. The host immune response favors atheroma formation, maturation and exacerbation. In longitudinal studies assessing incident cardiovascular events, statistically significant excess risk for ACVD was reported in individuals with periodontitis. This was independent of established cardiovascular risk factors. The amount of the adjusted excess risk varies by type of cardiovascular outcome and across populations by age and gender. Given the high prevalence of periodontitis, even low to moderate excess risk is important from a public health perspective. There is moderate evidence that periodontal treatment: (i) reduces systemic inflammation as evidenced by reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) and improvement of both clinical and surrogate measures of endothelial function; but (ii) there is no effect on lipid profiles--supporting specificity. Limited evidence shows improvements in coagulation, biomarkers of endothelial cell activation, arterial blood pressure and subclinical atherosclerosis after periodontal therapy. The available evidence is consistent and speaks for a contributory role of periodontitis to ACVD. There are no periodontal intervention studies on primary ACVD prevention and there is only one feasibility study on secondary ACVD prevention. It was concluded that: (i) there is consistent and strong epidemiologic evidence that periodontitis imparts increased risk for future cardiovascular disease; and (ii) while in vitro, animal and clinical studies do support the interaction and biological mechanism, intervention trials to date are not adequate to draw further conclusions. Well-designed intervention trials on the impact of periodontal treatment on prevention of ACVD hard clinical outcomes are needed.

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Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes Th17 inducing pathways in chronic periodontitis.

Niki Moutsopoulos, Heather M Kling, Nikola Angelov … (2012)

In periodontitis, a common chronic inflammatory condition, gram-negative-rich bacterial biofilms trigger, in susceptible individuals, perpetuating inflammation that results in extensive tissue damage of tooth supporting structures. To delineate immune cell-dependent mechanisms whereby bacterial challenge drives persistent destructive inflammation in periodontitis and other inflammatory diseases, we studied involved tissues ex vivo and investigated host cell responses to the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, in vitro. Diseased lesions were populated by abundant Th17 cells, linked to infection, chronic inflammation/autoimmunity and tissue pathology. In vitro, P. gingivalis, particularly the more virulent strain W83, stimulated myeloid antigen presenting cells (APC) to drive Th17 polarization. Supernatants from myeloid APC exposed to P. gingivalis were capable of enhancing Th17 but not Th1 polarization. P. gingivalis favored the generation of Th17 responses by stimulating the production of Th17 related cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23, but not Th1 related IL-12. By inducing NFκB activation, P. gingivalis promoted IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12p40 production, but not IRF3 phosphorylation, connected to generation of the IL-12p35 chain, ultimately restricting formation of the intact IL-12 molecule. Promotion of Th17 lineage responses was also aided by P. gingivalis proteases, which appeared to differentially degrade pivotal cytokines. In this regard, IL-12 was largely degraded by P. gingivalis, whereas IL-1β was more resistant to proteolysis. Our data unveil multiple pathways by which P. gingivalis may orchestrate chronic inflammation, providing insights into interventional strategies. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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State of the science: chronic periodontitis and systemic health.

J Pucher, Richard A K Reynolds, Michael P Rethman … (2012)

Inflammatory periodontal diseases exhibit an association with multiple systemic conditions. Currently, there is a lack of consensus among experts on the nature of these associations and confusion among health care providers and the public on how to interpret this rapidly growing body of science. This article overviews the current evidence linking periodontal diseases to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, preterm low birth weight babies, respiratory diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence was taken from systematic reviews, clinical trials, and mechanistic studies retrieved in searches of the PubMed electronic database. The available data provide the basis for applied practical clinical recommendations. Evidence is summarized and critically reviewed from systematic reviews, primary clinical trials, and mechanistic studies Surrogate markers for chronic periodontitis, such as tooth loss, show relatively consistent but weak associations with multiple systemic conditions. Despite biological plausibility, shorter-term interventional trials have generally not supported unambiguous cause-and-effect relationships. Nevertheless, the effective treatment of periodontal infections is important to achieve oral health goals, as well as to reduce the systemic risks of chronic local inflammation and bacteremias. Inflammatory periodontal diseases exhibit an association with multiple systemic conditions. With pregnancy as a possible exception, the local and systemic effects of periodontal infections and inflammation are usually exerted for many years, typically among those who are middle-aged or older. It follows that numerous epidemiological associations linking chronic periodontitis to age-associated and biologically complex conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, respiratory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, certain cancers, erectile dysfunction, kidney disease and dementia, have been reported. In the coming years, it seems likely that additional associations will be reported, despite adjustments for known genetic, behavioral and environmental confounders. Determining cause-and-effect mechanisms is more complicated, especially in circumstances where systemic effects may be subtle. Currently, however, there is a lack of consensus among experts on the nature of these associations and confusion among health care providers and the public on how to interpret this rapidly growing body of science. This article overviews the current evidence linking periodontal diseases to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, preterm/low birth weight babies, respiratory diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Biomed Phys Eng

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Biomed Phys Eng

Journal ID (publisher-id): JBPE

Title: Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering

Publisher: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran )

ISSN (Electronic): 2251-7200

Publication date Collection: September 2014

Publication date (Electronic): 1 September 2014

Volume: 4

Issue: 3

Pages: 83-90

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

[2 ]Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

[3 ]Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

[4 ]Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

[5 ]Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Centre (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

[6 ]Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

[7 ]Animal laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Author notes

*Corresponding author: Gh Mortazavi; Dentistry Student, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran E-mail: mmortazavi@sums.ac.ir

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Publisher ID: jbpe-4-83

PMC ID: 4258865

PubMed ID: 25505775

SO-VID: 473a030b-97fa-402a-b785-9c480f280a79

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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/deed.en_US), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Design and Fabrication of Helmholtz Coils to Study the Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on the Healing Process in Periodontitis: Preliminary Animal Results

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Most cited references 55

Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases.

Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes Th17 inducing pathways in chronic periodontitis.

State of the science: chronic periodontitis and systemic health.

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