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      Achillea millefolium L. Essential Oil Inhibits LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

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          Abstract

          Achillea millefolium L. is a member of the Asteraceae family and has been used in folk medicine in many countries. In this study, 19 compounds in A. millefolium essential oil (AM-EO) have been identified; the major components are artemisia ketone (14.92%), camphor (11.64%), linalyl acetate (11.51%) and 1,8-cineole (10.15%). AM-EO can suppress the inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, including decreased levels of cellular nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion production, lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) concentration. This antioxidant activity is not a result of increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, but rather occurs as a result of the down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, thus reducing the inflammatory response. Therefore, AM-EO can be utilized in many applications, including the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the future.

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          Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review

          Maria Graça Miguel (2010)
          Essential oils are complex mixtures isolated from aromatic plants which may possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of interest in thye food and cosmetic industries as well as in the human health field. In this work, a review was done on the most recent publications concerning their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. At the same time a survey of the methods generally used for the evaluation of antioxidant activity and some of the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils are also reported.
          Article 0 comments Cited 189 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            LPS-induced cytokine production in human monocytes and macrophages.

            Dagmar Quandt, Manuela Rossol, Undine Meusch … (2010)
            Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects on human monocyte and macrophage function. We provide an overview of LPS signal transduction with attention given to receptor cooperativity and species differences in LPS responses, as well as the role of tyrosine phosphorylation and lysine acetylation in signalling. We also review LPS-regulated transcription, with emphasis on chromatin remodeling and primary versus secondary transcriptional control mechanisms. Finally, we review the regulation and function of LPS-inducible cytokines produced by human monocytes and macrophages including TNFα, the IL-1 family, IL-6, IL-8, the IL-10 family, the IL-12 family, IL-15 and TGFβ.
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              Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils.

              P Pippia, P S D'Aquila, Maysa V. G. B. Serra … (2002)
              Linalool and linalyl acetate are the principal components of many essential oils known to possess several biological activities, attributable to these monoterpene compounds. In this work, we evaluated individually the anti-inflammatory properties of (-) linalool, that is, the natural occurring enantiomer, and its racemate form, present in various amounts in distilled or extracted essential oils. Because in the linalool-containing essential oils, linalyl acetate, is frequently present, we also examined the anti-inflammatory action of this monoterpene ester. Carrageenin-induced edema in rats was used as a model of inflammation. The experimental data indicate that both the pure enantiomer and its racemate induced, after systemic administration, a reduction of edema. Moreover, the pure enantiomer, at a dose of 25 mg/kg, elicited a delayed and more prolonged effect, while the racemate form induced a significant reduction of the edema only one hour after carrageenin administration. At higher doses, no differences were observed between the (-) enantiomer and the racemate; a further increase in the dose of both forms did not result in an increased effect at any time of observation. The effects of equi-molar doses of linalyl acetate on local edema were less relevant and more delayed than that of the corresponding alcohol. These finding suggest a typical pro-drug behavior of linalyl acetate. The results obtained indicate that linalool and the corresponding acetate play a major role in the anti-inflammatory activity displayed by the essential oils containing them, and provide further evidence suggesting that linalool and linalyl acetate-producing species are potentially anti-inflammatory agents.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date Collection: July 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 June 2013
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 12978-12993
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu Dist., Taichung 43301, Taiwan; E-Mails: stchou@ 123456pu.edu.tw (S.-T.C.); g9522501@ 123456pu.edu.tw (H.-Y.P.)
                [2 ]Department of Applied Cosmetology, Hung Kuang University, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu Dist., Taichung 43302, Taiwan; E-Mail: jchsu@ 123456sunrise.hk.edu.tw
                [3 ]Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu Dist., Taichung 43301, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [* ]Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: chchlin@ 123456pu.edu.tw (C.-C.L.); yingshih@ 123456pu.edu.tw (Y.S.); Tel.: +886-4-2632-8001 (ext. 15409) (C.-C.L.); +886-4-2632-8001 (ext. 15470) (Y.S.); Fax: +886-4-2631-1167 (C.-C.L. & Y.S.).
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-14-12978
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms140712978
                PMC ID: 3742169
                PubMed ID: 23797659
                SO-VID: 4744f67a-e87e-43ad-8ef8-2fa1370df063
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 March 2013
                Date revision received : 30 May 2013
                Date accepted : 07 June 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: achillea millefolium l.,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,essential oil,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms),lipopolysaccharides (lps)-stimulated raw 264.7 macrophages
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: achillea millefolium l., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, essential oil, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms), lipopolysaccharides (lps)-stimulated raw 264.7 macrophages

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