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      Foot shape in arboreal birds: two morphological patterns for the same pincer‐like tool

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          Abstract

          The feet are the only contact between the body and the substrate in limbed animals and as such they provide a crucial interface between the animal and its environment. This is especially true for bipedal and arboreal species living in a complex three‐dimensional environment that likely induces strong selection on foot morphology. In birds, foot morphology is highly variable, with different orientations of the toes, making it a good model for the study of the role of functional, developmental, and phylogenetic constraints in the evolution of phenotypic diversity. Our data on the proportions of the phalanges analyzed in a phylogenetic context show that two different morphological patterns exist that depend mainly on habitat and toe orientation. In the anisodactyl foot, the hallux is the only backward‐oriented toe and is enlarged in climbing species and reduced in terrestrial ones. Moreover, a proximo‐distal gradient in phalanx size is observed depending on the degree of terrestriality. In the two other cases (heterodactyl and zygodactyl) that have two toes that point backward, the hallux is rather small in contrast to the other backward‐pointing toe, which is enlarged. The first pattern is convergent and common among tetrapods and follows rules of skeletal development. The second pattern is unique for the clade and under muscle–morphogenetic control. In all cases, the functional result is the same tool, a pincer‐like foot.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors
          abourach@mnhn.fr
          Journal
          J Anat
          J. Anat
          10.1111/(ISSN)1469-7580
          JOA
          Journal of Anatomy
          John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
          0021-8782
          1469-7580
          23 May 2017
          July 2017
          : 231
          : 1 ( doiID: 10.1111/joa.2017.231.issue-1 )
          : 1-11
          Affiliations
          [ 1 ] UMR 7179 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS Paris France
          [ 2 ] UMR 7205 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle CNRS Paris France
          [ 3 ] Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
          Author notes
          [*] [* ] Correspondence

          Anick Abourachid, UMR 7179, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Pavillon d'Anatomie Comparée, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris, France. E: abourach@ 123456mnhn.fr

          [†]

          Both authors contributed equally to this manuscript.

          Author information
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7238-2795
          http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-1775
          http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5863-559X
          Article
          PMC5472528 PMC5472528 5472528 JOA12614
          10.1111/joa.12614
          5472528
          28542878
          476bb28a-cde4-41c6-8c3b-b41f4da06ca3
          © 2017 Anatomical Society
          History
          : 07 March 2017
          Page count
          Figures: 6, Tables: 1, Pages: 11, Words: 7943
          Funding
          Funded by: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico (CNPq)
          Funded by: PROEX/CAPES, Brazil
          Categories
          Original Article
          Original Articles
          Custom metadata
          2.0
          joa12614
          July 2017
          Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.1.1 mode:remove_FC converted:15.06.2017

          osteology,grasping,functional morphology,feet
          osteology, grasping, functional morphology, feet

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