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      Galvanic Corrosion of and Ion Release from Various Orthodontic Brackets and Wires in a Fluoride-containing Mouthwash

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          Abstract

          Background and aims. This study compared the galvanic corrosion of orthodontic wires and brackets from various manufacturers following exposure to a fluoride mouthwash.

          Materials and methods. This study was conducted on 24 lower central incisor 0.022" Roth brackets of four different commercially available brands (Dentaurum, American Orthodontics, ORJ, Shinye). These brackets along with stainless steel (SS) or nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires (0.016", round) were immersed in Oral-B mouthwash containing 0.05% sodium fluoride for 28 days. The electric potential (EP) difference of each bracket-wire couple was measured with a Saturated Calomel Reference Electrode (Ag/AgCl saturated with KCl) via a voltmeter. The ions released in the electrolyte weremeasured with an atomic absorption spectrometer. All the specimens were assessed under a stereomicroscope and specimens with corrosion were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using ANOVA.

          Results. The copper ions released from specimens with NiTi wire were greater than those of samples containing SS wire. ORJ brackets released more Cu ions than other samples. The Ni ions released from Shinye brackets were significantly more than those of other specimens (P < 0.05). Corrosion rate of brackets coupled with NiTi wires was higher than that of brackets coupled with SS wires. Light and electron microscopic observations showed greater corrosion of ORJ brackets.

          Conclusion. In fluoride mouthwash, Shinye and ORJ brackets exhibited greater corrosion than Dentaurum and American Orthodontics brackets. Stainless steel brackets used with NiTi wires showed greater corrosion and thus caution is recommended when using them.

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          Biodegradation of orthodontic appliances. Part I. Biodegradation of nickel and chromium in vitro.

          S N Bishara, Julia Barrett, Ronald J. Quinn (1992)
          The purpose of this study is to compare in vitro the corrosion rate of a standard orthodontic appliance consisting of bands, brackets and either stainless steel or nickel-titanium arch wires. The corrosion products analyzed were nickel and chromium. Evaluation was conducted with the appliances immersed for 4 weeks in a prepared artificial saliva medium at 37 degrees C. Ten identical sets were used, each simulating a complete orthodontic appliance used on a maxillary arch with a full complement of teeth. Five sets were ligated to stainless steel arch wires, and the other five sets were ligated to nickel-titanium arch wires. Nickel and chromium release was quantified with the use of a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analysis of variance was used to determine if differences existed between the nickel and chromium release according to arch wire type, as well as with time (days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28). The results indicate that (1) orthodontic appliances release measurable amounts of nickel and chromium when placed in an artificial saliva medium. (2) The nickel release reaches a maximum after approximately 1 week, then the rate of release diminishes with time. On the other hand, chromium release increases during the first 2 weeks and levels off during the subsequent 2 weeks. (3) The release rates of nickel or chromium from stainless steel and nickel-titanium arch wires are not significantly different. (4) For both arch wire types, the release for nickel averaged 37 times greater than that for chromium. How much of these corrosive products are actually absorbed by patients still needs to be determined.
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            Ion release from NiTi orthodontic wires in artificial saliva with various acidities.

            H. Huang (2003)
            NiTi orthodontic wire products from different manufacturers would have different corrosion resistance. We assayed the corrosion resistance, in terms of ion release, of different NiTi orthodontic wires in artificial saliva with various acidities. Four types of as-received commercial NiTi orthodontic wires were immersed in artificial saliva (37 degrees C) at pH 2.5-6.25 for different periods (1-28d). The amount of Ni and Ti ions released from NiTi wires was determined using an atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. Surface morphology and roughness of wires were related to the corrosion resistance. Results showed that the manufacturer, pH value, and immersion period, respectively, had a significantly statistical influence on the release amount of Ni and Ti ions. The amount of Ni ions released in all test solutions was well below the critical value necessary to induce allergy and below daily dietary intake level. The amount of Ti ions released in pH>/=3.75 solution was mostly not detectable, representing that the TiO(2) film on NiTi wires exhibited a good protection against corrosion. Pre-existed surface defects on NiTi wires might be the preferred locations for corrosion. The NiTi wire with the highest release amount of metal ions had the maximal increase in surface roughness after immersion test, while a rougher surface did not correspond to a higher metal ion release.
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              Type of archwire and level of acidity: effects on the release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances.

              M Lapter, S Varga, Mladen Slaj … (2008)
              To examine the effects of three different parameters-pH value, type of archwire, and length of immersion-on release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances. Simulated fixed orthodontic appliances that corresponded to one-half of the maxillary arch were immersed in artificial saliva of different pH values (6.75 +/- 0.15 and 3.5 +/- 0.15) during a 28-day period. Three types of archwires were used: stainless steel (SS), nickel-titanium (NiTi), and thermo NiTi. The quantity of metal ions was determined with the use of a high-resolution mass spectrophotometer (HR-ICP/MS). The release of six different metal ions was observed: titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Repeated measures statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Results showed that (1) the appliances released measurable quantities of all ions examined; (2) the change in pH had a very strong effect (up to 100-fold) on the release of ions; and (3) the release of ions was dependent on wire composition, but it was not proportional to the content of metal in the wire. The largest number of ions was released during the first week of appliance immersion. Levels of released ions are sufficient to cause delayed allergic reactions. This must be taken into account when type of archwire is selected, especially in patients with hypersensitivity or compromised oral hygiene.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects
                Journal ID (publisher-id): J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects
                Journal ID (pmc): JODDD
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TBZMED
                Title: Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects
                Publisher: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
                ISSN (Print): 2008-210X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2008-2118
                Publication date (Print): Summer 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 September 2015
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 159-165
                Affiliations
                1Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                2Professor, Department of Materials and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran
                3Post-graduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
                Author notes
                Article
                DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2015.030
                PMC ID: 4682012
                PubMed ID: 26697148
                SO-VID: 476c9b65-18ce-40cd-9f5d-99c140ff886a
                Copyright © © 2015 by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 4 July 2013
                Date accepted : 11 April 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: corrosion,orthodontic bracket,sodium fluoride,nickel
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: corrosion, orthodontic bracket, sodium fluoride, nickel

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