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      Importance of the postcranial skeleton in eusuchian phylogeny: Reassessing the systematics of allodaposuchid crocodylians

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          Abstract

          Our current knowledge on the crocodyliform evolution is strongly biased towards the skull morphology, and the postcranial skeleton is usually neglected in many taxonomic descriptions. However, it is logical to expect that it can contribute with its own phylogenetic signal. In this paper, the changes in the tree topology caused by the addition of the postcranial information are analysed for the family Allodaposuchidae, the most representative eusuchians in the latest Cretaceous of Europe. At present, different phylogenetic hypotheses have been proposed for this group without reaching a consensus. The results of this paper evidence a shift in the phylogenetic position when the postcranium is included in the dataset, pointing to a relevant phylogenetic signal in the postcranial elements. Finally, the phylogenetic relationships of allodaposuchids within Eusuchia are reassessed; and the internal relationships within Allodaposuchidae are also reconsidered after an exhaustive revision of the morphological data. New and improved diagnoses for each species are here provided.

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          TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics

          Version 1.5 of the computer program TNT completely integrates landmark data into phylogenetic analysis. Landmark data consist of coordinates (in two or three dimensions) for the terminal taxa; TNT reconstructs shapes for the internal nodes such that the difference between ancestor and descendant shapes for all tree branches sums up to a minimum; this sum is used as tree score. Landmark data can be analysed alone or in combination with standard characters; all the applicable commands and options in TNT can be used transparently after reading a landmark data set. The program continues implementing all the types of analyses in former versions, including discrete and continuous characters (which can now be read at any scale, and automatically rescaled by TNT). Using algorithms described in this paper, searches for landmark data can be made tens to hundreds of times faster than it was possible before (from T to 3T times faster, where T is the number of taxa), thus making phylogenetic analysis of landmarks feasible even on standard personal computers.
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            TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis

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              The origin of modern crocodyliforms: new evidence from the Cretaceous of Australia.

              While the crocodyliform lineage extends back over 200 million years (Myr) to the Late Triassic, modern forms-members of Eusuchia-do not appear until the Cretaceous. Eusuchia includes the crown group Crocodylia, which comprises Crocodyloidea, Alligatoroidea and Gavialoidea. Fossils of non-crocodylian eusuchians are currently rare and, in most instances, fragmentary. Consequently, the transition from Neosuchia to Crocodylia has been one of the most poorly understood areas of crocodyliform evolution. Here we describe a new crocodyliform from the mid-Cretaceous (98-95 Myr ago; Albian-Cenomanian) Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, as the most primitive member of Eusuchia. The anatomical changes associated with the emergence of this taxon indicate a pivotal shift in the feeding and locomotor behaviour of crocodyliforms-a shift that may be linked to the subsequent rapid diversification of Eusuchia 20 Myr later during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary. While Laurasia (in particular North America) is the most likely ancestral area for Crocodylia, the biogeographic events associated with the origin of Eusuchia are more complex. Although the fossil evidence is limited, it now seems likely that at least part of the early history of Eusuchia transpired in Gondwana.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                9 June 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 6
                : e0251900
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
                [2 ] Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München, Germany
                Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-932X
                Article
                PONE-D-20-14359
                10.1371/journal.pone.0251900
                8189472
                34106925
                4779f953-dee3-41de-806f-a7d2de3db5f6
                © 2021 Alejandro Blanco

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 May 2020
                : 4 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 24
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008425, Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia;
                Award ID: ED481B 2017/027
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Universidade da Coruña
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: H2020 European Research Council (SYNTHESYS+)
                Award ID: DE-TAF-2604
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ES)
                Award ID: FJC2019-042583-I
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by postdoctoral grants funded by the program “Axudas á etapa postdoutoral da Xunta de Galicia 2017 – Modalidade A” (ED481B 2017/027) ( https://www.xunta.gal/) and the program “Ayudas Juan de la Cierva – Formación 2019” (FJC2019-042583-I) ( https://www.ciencia.gob.es/). Additional support to visit palaeontological collections was received from the program “Axudas á investigación 2017 e 2018” of the Universidade da Coruña ( https://www.udc.es/), and from the SYNTHESYS+ Project (DE-TAF-2604) which is financed by the European Commission via the H2020 Research Infrastructure programme ( https://www.synthesys.info/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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